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Virology Exam 2
Sheep and pigs...
152
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
02/25/2012

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Cards

Term
What is the most important pig disease in the US?
Definition
PRRS
Term
How long does PRRS take to clear?
Definition
Up to 7 months
Usually 2 months
Term
What genus does PRRS belong to?
Definition
Arterivirus
Term
What are the classification properties of PRRS?
Definition
Enveloped
Single-strand
RNA
Term
How many genotypes of PRRS are there?
Definition
2
Term
Is PRRS labile or stable in the environment?
Definition
Labile
Term
What temperature and pH is PRRS stable at?
Definition
6.5-7.5
Chilled/frozen
Term
How is PRRS transmitted?
Definition
All body secretions and fluids are infectious
Term
What are the clinical manifestations of PRRS?
Definition
Epidemic - all ages, respiratory disease, reproductive failure
Endemic - breeding herd immune, respiratory disease in young
Term
What kind of abortions does PRRS cause?
Definition
3rd trimester
Term
What does respiratory disease caused by PRRS predispose to?
Definition
Secondary bacterial infection
Term
Where does PRRS replicate?
Definition
Mature/activated macrophages
Term
What are the samples of choice for PRRS?
Definition
Fetuses - thoracic fluid, thymus
Older pigs - pooled sera, lung, LN, tonsil, spleen
Term
How quickly does immunity occur in PRRS?
Definition
Non-neutralizing Ab 7-10d
Neutralizing Ab in 4w
Term
What clinical signs does PCV2 (PMWS) cause?
Definition
Chronic wasting in 2-4mo pigs
Term
What is the genus and family of PCV2?
Definition
Family circoviridae
Gensu circovirus
Term
What are the classification characteristics of PCV2?
Definition
Circular
Nonenveloped
DNA
Term
Is PCV2 labile in the environment?
Definition
NO!
Term
How are pigs infected with PCV2?
Definition
Ubiquitous
Term
How many genotypes of PCV2 are there?
Definition
2
Type 1 - avirulent
Type 2 - virulent (2a and 2b)
Term
What is the host and reservoir of PCV2?
Definition
PIGS!
Term
What are the symptoms of PCV2?
Definition
Pneumonia
Chronic enteritis
Dermatitis and nephropathy
Reproductive failure
Term
How high is the mortality of PCV2?
Definition
>75% (HIGH)
Term
What are the microscopic lesions of PCV2?
Definition
Lymphoid depletion
Macrophage infiltration
Multinucleated giant cells
Term
What is proposed to be important in the pathogenesis of PCV2?
Definition
Immune activation
Term
What is the cause of porcine dermatitis and nephropopathy syndrome?
Definition
UNKNOWN (PCV2)
Disappeared with vaccination
Term
What kind of abortions does PCV2 cause?
Definition
Late term
Term
What is the genus and family of swine influenza?
Definition
Genus - Influenzavirus
Family - Orthomyxoviridae
Term
What are the classification characteristics of swine influenza?
Definition
Single strand
Enveloped
RNA
Segmented genome
Term
How many segments does influenzavirus A have?
Definition
8 - allows for reassortment
Term
What is the role of hemagglutinin in influenza?
Definition
Necessary for penetration
Neutralizing Ab
16 different HA proteins
Term
What is the role of neuraminidase in influenzavirus?
Definition
Helps virus progeny escape cells
9 different NA proteins
Non-neutralizing Ab
Term
What is the most important reservoir of avian influenza?
Definition
Ducks
Term
What is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)?
Definition
H5 or H7
Kill 75% of 4-8wk chicks within 10d
Term
Is direct bird-human transmission of influenza possible?
Definition
YES!
Term
How do new human pandemic strains of influenza occur?
Definition
Bird to human txmsn (not universally accepted)
Antigenic shift
(Drift does NOT result in pandemics!)
Term
What is the role of pigs in influenza?
Definition
Humans not susceptible to avian influenza
Pigs susceptible for avian AND human viruses!
Term
Are pigs essential for influenza transmission from birds to people?
Definition
NO!
Term
What is the timeline of swine influenza?
Definition
Shed virus in 24 hours
Ab in 3-7d
Recovery 5-7d
Quit shedding by 7d
Term
What is the characteristic clinical signs of swine influenza?
Definition
Deep, hacking cough
Term
What samples should you submit for swine influenza isolation?
Definition
Nasal/pharyngeal swabs
Lung and trachea
Term
What is the only constant with influenza virus?
Definition
It will change!!
Term
What is pseudorabies/Aujeszyky's disease caused by?
Definition
Suid herpesvirus-1
Term
What is the family and subfamily of pseudorabies?
Definition
Family - Herpesviridae
Subfamily - Alphaherpesvirinae
Term
What are the classification characteristics of pseudorabies?
Definition
Enveloped
Double-stranded
DNA
Term
Is pseudorabies susceptible to disinfectants?
Definition
YES!
Preserved by freezing, moist conditions
Term
What is the natural reservoir of pseudorabies?
Definition
Pigs
Term
How is pseudorabies spread?
Definition
Pig to pig
Infected carcasses
Pigs LATENTLY INFECTED
Term
Where does pseudorabies replicate?
Definition
Tonsils
Epithelium of oropharynx
Term
What is the pathogenesis of pseudorabies?
Definition
Follows cranial nerves to brain
Spreads to lymph nodes
Goes systemic
Term
What is the tissue tropism of pseudorabies?
Definition
Neural and respiratory tissue
Term
What are the symptoms of pseudorabies?
Definition
Reproductive failure, CNS, respiratory in pigs
Mad itch and sudden death in other animals
Term
What kind of abortions are associated with pseudorabies?
Definition
2nd and 3rd trimester
All aborted together
Sows not sick
Term
What is the mortality of pseudorabies?
Definition
Inversely related to age
Term
What are the pathognomonic fetal lesions of PRV?
Definition
Foci of necrosis in liver and sometimes tonsil
Term
What samples should be collected for PSV?
Definition
Weaned - nasal and oropharyngeal swabs, tonsils, brain
Fetuses/neonates - ALL TISSUES
Term
What is the major issue caused by porcine parvovirus?
Definition
Reproductive failure - NO ABORTIONS
All pigs die at different times
Term
What are the classification characteristics of parvo?
Definition
Small
Nonenveloped
DNA
Term
Is parvo labile in the environment?
Definition
No!
Term
What is the prevalence of parvo in pigs?
Definition
Ubiquitous
Term
How is parvo transmitted?
Definition
Shed in feces and other body secretions for 2 weeks
Persists in environment >4mo
Term
Where does parvo replicate?
Definition
Dividing cells (intestines, lymphoid tissue, crosses placenta, replicates in fetuses)
Term
What happens if fetuses are infected by parvovirus inutero?
Definition
<70d gestation - die (resorbed if <30d)
After 70d - born alive and seropositive
Term
What population of pigs does parvovirus affect most?
Definition
Seronegative gilts infected during first half of pregnancy
Term
What are the specimens you should collect for parvo diagnostics?
Definition
Lungs
Term
What type of virus is TGE virus?
Definition
Group 1a coronavirus
Term
What are the classification characteristics of TGE?
Definition
Enveloped
Single strand
RNA
Term
What is TGE inactivated by?
Definition
Sunlight
Drying
Heat
(Stable when frozen)
Term
How is TGE transmitted?
Definition
Fecal-oral
Term
What is the difference between TGE and respiratory coronaviruses?
Definition
Respiratory virus = TGE with deletion in spike protein gene
Term
What occurs with the epizootic form of TGE?
Definition
Acute vomiting and diarrhea
All pigs susceptible
Severity inversely proportional to age
Term
What occurs with the enzootic form of TGE?
Definition
Pigs first week after weaning
Vomiting and diarrhea
Term
Where does TGE replicate?
Definition
Villous epithelium
Term
What are the classification characteristics of rotaviruses?
Definition
Nonenveloped
Double strand
RNA
Segmented
Term
What is the most common group of rotaviruses?
Definition
A
Term
How is rotavirus transmitted?
Definition
Fecal-oral
Term
What are the symptoms of rotavirus?
Definition
Acute diarrhea
Disease <1-6w
Severity decreases with age
Term
Where does rotavirus replicate?
Definition
Villous epithelial cells
Term
What samples should you send in to diagnose rotavirus?
Definition
Feces, intestines
Term
What does immunity to TGE and rotavirus require?
Definition
Ab in the intestine
Term
What kind of virus is classical swine fever?
Definition
Pestivirus
Term
What classification characteristics does classical swine fever have?
Definition
Enveloped
RNA
Term
Is CSF labile in the environment?
Definition
Yes!
Protected in meat and manure
Term
How is CSF transmitted?
Definition
Pig to pig
Ingestion
Inhalation
Transplacental
Mechanical
UNCOOKED PORK
Term
Where does CSF replicate?
Definition
Monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells
Term
What is the major leukogram finding of CSF?
Definition
Leukopenia (most pronounced of any swine dz)
Term
What are some clinical signs of CSF?
Definition
Fever
Cyanosis
CNS signs
Respiratory signs
Diarrhea/constipation
Abortions
Shakers
Term
What samples should you collect to test for CSF?
Definition
TONSILS
Blood
Nasal swabs
LN
Brain
Spleen
Kidney
Term
Which disease is clinically indistinguishable from CSF?
Definition
African swine fever
Term
What are the classification characteristics of ASF?
Definition
DNA
Asfivirus
Term
Is ASF resistant in the environment?
Definition
Yes!
Term
How is ASF transmitted?
Definition
Pig to pig
Uncooked pork
Soft ticks (ONLY DNA ARBOVIRUS)
Term
Where does ASF replicate?
Definition
Monocytes/macrophages near site of infection
Disseminates to other areas
Term
What is unique about immunity to ASF?
Definition
No neutralizing antibodies
Term
What are the clinical signs of ASF?
Definition
Fever
Leukopenia
Cyanosis and hemorrhages
Prolonged bleeding
High mortality
Term
What does the spleen look like in ASF?
Definition
Enlarged with NO INFARCTS
Term
What does the spleen look like in CSF?
Definition
Normal size with infarcts
Term
What samples should you collect for ASF?
Definition
Tonsil
Spleen
LN
Kidney
Brain
Term
What family is FMD in?
Definition
Aphthovirus in family Picornaviridae
Term
What is FMD famous for?
Definition
Most contagious disease in the world!
Term
Is FMD enveloped or nonenveloped?
Definition
Non - use acids and bases to disinfect
Protected well by protein
Term
What animal is the amplified host for FMD?
Definition
Pigs
Term
What animal is the indicator host for FMD?
Definition
Cattle
Term
What animal is the maintenance host for FMD?
Definition
Sheep
Term
What family is vesicular stomatitis in?
Definition
Vesiculovirus in rhabdoviridae (same family as rabies)
Term
How is vesicular stomatitis transmitted?
Definition
Insects!
Term
What samples should you submit for vesicular diseases?
Definition
Fluid from vesicles
LN
Thyroid
Adrenal
Skeletal and heart muscles
Term
What kind of virus is cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)?
Definition
Suid herpesvirus 2
(Cytomegalovirus in betaherpesvirinae)
Term
What are the classification characteristics of cytomegalovirus?
Definition
Enveloped
DNA
Term
What kind of virus is swine pox?
Definition
Suipoxvirus in family poxviridae
Term
How is swine pox spread?
Definition
Biting insects
Term
Where does swine pox persist?
Definition
Scabs
Term
What are the classification characteristics of retroviridae?
Definition
Infection for LIFE
Single strand
Nonenveloped
RNA
Term
Are retroviruses susceptible to environment?
Definition
Yes!
Term
What is the subfamily of retroviruses that is pathogenic?
Definition
Orthoretrovirinae
Term
What kind of virus is OPP?
Definition
Lentivirus in family retroviridae
Term
What are the classification characteristics of OPP?
Definition
RNA
Enveloped
Inactivated with detergents
Genus with highest rate of mutation
Term
How is OPP transmitted?
Definition
Aerosol
Direct contact
Colostrum, milk
Term
What clinical signs of OPP does the Maedi form show?
Definition
Interstitial pneumonia
Mastitis
Arthritis
Term
What clinical signs does the visna form of OPP have?
Definition
Ascending paralysis
Term
Where does OPP replicated?
Definition
Macrophages
Term
What is the most important viral disease of goats in the US?
Definition
CAE
Term
What age group does the encephalomyelitis portion of CAE occur in?
Definition
2-4mo kids
Term
What joints are most affected by CAE?
Definition
Carpal joints
Term
What is the cause of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis?
Definition
Pulmonary adenomatosis virus, Jaagsikete sheep retrovirus
Genus betaretrovirus
Term
How is OPA transmitted?
Definition
Aerosol
Close contact
Term
What is the cause of enzootic nasal tumors?
Definition
Enzootic nasal tumor virus
Betaretrovirus
Term
What type of virus is contagious ecthyma caused by?
Definition
Parapoxvirus family Poxviridae
Term
What are the classification characteristics of contagious ecthyma virus?
Definition
Double strand
Enveloped
DNA
Term
Where does contagious ecthyma replicate?
Definition
Cytoplasm!!!
Persists in dry scabs
Term
What is contagious ecthyma inactivated by?
Definition
Moisture (not heat!)
Term
How is contagious ecthyma transmitted?
Definition
Animal to animal
Fomites
Insects
Environment
Term
What kind of vaccine is available for contagious ecthyma?
Definition
Fully virulent
(Don't use if the premise has never had it!)
Term
What are the most important animal poxviruses in the world?
Definition
Sheep and goat pox
Term
What kind of virus causes sheep and goat pox?
Definition
Capripoxviruses family Poxviridae
Term
How is sheep and goat pox transmitted?
Definition
Aerosol - most important
Entry into wounds, insects, fomites
Term
What kind of virus causes bluetongue?
Definition
Orbivirus family Reoviridae
Term
What are the classification characteristics of bluetongue virus?
Definition
Double strand
Nonenveloped
RNA
Segmented
Term
How many serotypes of bluetongue are in the US?
Definition
5
Term
What is the most common mode of transmission of bluetongue?
Definition
Culicoides spp
Term
What are the clinical signs of bluetongue a result of?
Definition
Vasculitis
Term
What samples should be used to diagnose bluetongue?
Definition
Heparinized blood
Spleen, liver, LN
Fetus - brain, spleen
DON'T FREEZE
Term
What precautions need to be taken with the bluetongue vaccine?
Definition
Do not vaccinate pregnant sheep
Do not vaccinate during vector season
Term
What kind of virus causes epizootic hemorrhagic disease?
Definition
Orbivirus (related to bluetongue)
Term
What kind of virus causes border disease?
Definition
Pestivirus
Term
What are the classification characteristics of border disease virus?
Definition
Noncytopathic
RNA
Term
How is border disease transmitted?
Definition
Horizontal
Vertical (c/s only inutero)
Term
What tissues should you collect for border disease testing?
Definition
Lymphoid tissue
Term
How do you determine an animal is persistently infected with BVD?
Definition
2 positive tests at least 3 weeks apart!
Term
What kind of virus is cache valley virus?
Definition
Orthobunyavirus family Bunyaviridae
Term
What are the classification characteristics of cache valley virus?
Definition
RNA
Enveloped
Term
How is cache valley virus spread?
Definition
Mosquitos
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