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VET 406 - Nutrition 2
Macro and microminerals
20
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
11/24/2015

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Cards

Term
Physiologic functions of Calcium (3)
Definition
  1. Component of bone and teeth
  2. Regulate muscle contraction
  3. Regulator of enzymes
Term
Signs of calcium deficiency - chronic (2) & acute (6)
Definition

Acute:

  1. Muscle weakness
  2. Muscle twitching
  3. Rumen stasis
  4. Anorexia
  5. Drowsiness
  6. Dilated pupils

Chronic

  1. Rickets (growing animals)
  2. Osteomalacia (adult animals)

 

Term
Dietary sources of calcium (3)
Definition
  1. Meat and bone meal
  2. Beet pulp
  3. Forages
Term
Physiologic function of phosporous (5)
Definition
  1. Component of bone and teeth
  2. Component of cell membranes
  3. Component of ATP
  4. Component of nucleic acids
  5. Enzyme regulation (via phosphorylation)
Term
Symptoms of Phosphorous Deficiency
Definition
  1. Decreased bone mineralization
  2. Pica (eating non-food items, like dirt)
Term
Dietary sources of phosphorous (3)
Definition
  1. Meat
  2. Bone meal
  3. Grains
Term
Physiologic functions of Sodium (4)
Definition
  1. Regulate osmotic pressure
  2. Maintain resting membrane potential
  3. Acid/base balance
  4. Amino acid and glucose absorption (cotransport)
Term
Physiologic Functions of Potassium
Definition
  1. Regulate osmotic pressure
  2. Maintain resting membrane potential
  3. Acid/base balance
Term
Symptoms of Potassium toxicity (2)
Definition

In ruminants, increased sensitivity to:

  1. Hypocalemia (milk fever)
  2. Hypomagnesemia (grass tetany) due to higher rumen pH = inhibited Mg absorption
Term
Physiologic functions of Magnesium (3)
Definition
  1. Cofactor for many (>300) enzymes
  2. Influences neurotranmitter binding
  3. Modulates Na+ and K+ channels
Term
Symptoms of Magnesium deficiency (6)
Definition
  1. Hypomagnesemia (in the blood)
  2. Pricked ears
  3. Muscle twitching
  4. Stiff gait/staggering
  5. Teeth gringing, siezures
  6. Coma/death
Term
What does Transferrin do? How? How much capacity is used in a normal animal?
Definition
Transferrin is the major iron transport protein. It binds Fe at two binding sites. In healthy animals, only 1/3 of binding sites are utilized.
Term
Symptoms of Copper deficiency (5)
Definition
  1. Anemia
  2. Neonatal Ataxia (Swayback disease)
  3. Twisting, kinking, discoloration of wool
  4. Defective collagen and elastin synthesis
  5. Oxidative damage
Term
What is swayback disease?
Definition
Neonatal ataxia caused by copper deficiency
Term
How is copper deficiency tested?
Definition
Liver biopsy (plasma concentrations will remain WNL in deficiency states)
Term
Symptoms of zinc deficiency (8)
Definition
  1. Parakeratosis
  2. Depressed immune function
  3. Growth retardation
  4. Impaired appetite and taste
  5. Delayed wound healing
  6. Fetal resorption and congenital defects
  7. Male reproductive issues
  8. Develepmental skeletal defects
Term

What are the symptoms/mechanisms of Parakeratosis?

 

Definition

Symptoms:

  • Dermal lesions
  • Depressed growth

Mechanism: inhibited absorption of trace minerals

 

Term
How do you test for zinc deficiency?
Definition
Plasma concentration
Term
Symptoms of iron deficiency
Definition
Anemia
Term
How to test for iron deficiency (2) and mechanism
Definition

1. Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)

  • Add endogenous Fe to measure add'l binding capacity of transferrin in the blood (normally only 1/3 bound)
  • High TIBC indicates deficiency

2. Ferritin

  • Iron storage molecule
  • Sensitive b/c very low concentration in blood
  • Correlates strongly to total body storage
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