Shared Flashcard Set

Details

UWO Psych 1000
December Examination Review
85
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Circadian Rhthyms
Definition
a cycle of activity that occurs roughly every 24 hours; controlled by the body's biological clock
Term
Entrainment
Definition
the idea that biological rhythms are synchronized with external happenings around you such as daylight levels and time of day
Term
Endogenous Rhythms
Definition
rhythms that occur without external cues; generated from within
Term
Internal Desynchronization
Definition
this occurs when biological rhythms are not in sync; can occur after switching time zones
Term
Nathan Kleitman
Definition
studied only sleep for his whole career as a psychologist; he, along with Aserinsky, used an EEG to measure the brain's activity during sleep
Term
REM Sleep
Definition
eye movement, loss of muscle tone, dreaming; these periods last, on average, 20 mins
Term
non-REM
Definition
sleep involving less eye movements; divided into 4 stages; this cycle lasts 30-45 minutes then moves in reverse; minor arousal occurs in both men and women
Term
Stage 1 non-REM
Definition
Brain waves become small & irregular; you're in a light sleep
Term
Stage 2 non-REM
Definition
sleep spindles occur; you will not be disturbe by minor noise
Term
Sleep Spindles
Definition
short bursts of rapid, high-peaking brain waves
Term
Stage-3 non-REM
Definition
Delta waves appear during this stage; breathing & pulse is slower, you are not easily awakened
Term
Delta Waves
Definition
very slow brain waves with very high peaks
Term
Stage 4 non-REM
Definition
delta waves have mostly taken over this stage; you are in a deep sleep; sleepwalking is most likely in this stage
Term
Sleep Apnea
Definition
breathing periodically stops for a bit, causing choking and gasps which disturb sleep cycles; often without the sleeper's awareness
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
a sleep disorder involving sudden & unpredictable daytime attacks of a huge urge to sleep. possible cause is the destruction of neurons in the hypothalamus
Term
REM Behavior Disorder
Definition
normal sleep muscle paralysis doesn't occur and the sleeper (usually male) may start acting out his dreams while sleeping
Term
Lucid Dream
Definition
occurs when the sleeper is aware of dreaming
Term
Psychoanalytic Dream Theory
Definition
Sigmund Freud; dreams provide insight into our desires, motives & conflicts of which the dreamer is unaware; one person may represent another in dreams; dreams represent severe mental disturbances
Term
Problem-Focused: Dreams as Efforts to Deal With Problems
Definition
dreams may reflect the conscious preoccupations of the waking life- symbols/metaphors in a dream convey its true meaning; dreams provide insight to solve problems
Term
Cognitive Dream Theory: Thinking
Definition
emphasizes current concerns, doesn't involve problem solving; dreams construct accurate views of the real world & involve the same kinds of memories, knowledge & assumptions as when awake
Term
Activation-Synthesis: Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity
Definition
J.Allan Hobson; dreaming results from neurons firing spontaneously in the lower part of the brain (pons) during REM sleep; cortex tries to make sense of these signals by synthesizing them;
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus; basic learning involving associations between environmental stimulu & the organisms response
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
an event or thing that elicits a response automatically/reflexively; in Pavlov's study, this was the food
Term
Unconditioned Response
Definition
the response that is automatically produced; in Pavlov's study this was the salivation
Term
Neutral Stimulus
Definition
doesn't produce any response
Term
Learning
Definition
occurs when a neutral stimulus is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Term
Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
elicits a learned response which is similar to the original one
Term
Extinction- Classical Conditioning
Definition
the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
the reappearance of a learned response after its extinction
Term
Higher-Order Conditioning
Definition
a principal of classical conditioning; when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with another conditioned stimulus; may explain why words can trigger emotional responses
Term
Stimulus Generalization & Discrimination 
Definition
the tendency for a response that's been reinforced or punished in the presence of one stimulus to occur in the presence of the other stimulus; eventually, the response you were hoping for would be the one you'd get
Term
Learning To Like
Definition
our emotional responses to objects, people, events; influenced by classical conditioning
Term
Learning to Fear
Definition
negative emotions brought about by classical conditioning
Term
Accounting For Taste
Definition
classical conditioning accounts for why we like or dislike certain foods/odors
Term
Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
Definition
the process by which a response becomes more or less likely to occur, depending on the resulting consequences
Term
Radical Behaviorism
Definition
Skinner; the idea that to understand behavior we should focus on external causes of an action and its consequences... look outside, not inside, the individual
Term
Neutral Consequence
Definition
described by Skinner; doesn't effect the probability that the response will reoccur
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
this strengthens the response, makes it more likely to occur again, rewards hard work
Term
Punishment
Definition
this weakens the response, makes it less likely to occur
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
satisfies biological needs; things like food and water
Term
Primary Punisher
Definition
inherently punishing, ex pain and extreme temps
Term
Secondary Reinforcer
Definition
a learned reward such as money, praise, applause etc
Term
Secondary Punisher
Definition
things such as critisism, fines, discipline etc
Term
Skinner Box
Definition
an experimental chamber that contains a bar or lever that an animal can press in order to receive food & water; also has an electrifiable floor so that  experimenters can teach animals not to behave in certain ways
Term
Psychoactive Drug
Definition
capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition & behavior
Term
Stimulant
Definition
speeds up central nervous system activity
Term
Depressant
Definition
slows down central nervous system activity
Term
Opiates
Definition
relieve pain & produce euphoria
Term
Psychadelic
Definition
produces hallucinations, alters consciousness
Term
Stimulus Discrimination (Operant/Instrumental Conditioning)
Definition
the tendency of a response to occur in front of one stimulus but not the other
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
ensuring that learning stays on schedule; the response is reinforced the first time and every time following that
Term
Superstition
Definition
Skinner demonstrated the idea that this occurs because of intermittent reinforcement schedules
Term
Shaping
Definition
reinforcing a tendency in the right direction and gradually aquiring responses that are more and more similar to the final, desired one
Term
Successive Approximations
Definition
ordering behaviors in terms of their similarity to the desired response
Term
Instinctive Draft
Definition
the tendency during operant conditioning for the organism to return to its instinctive behavior 
Term
Extrinsic Reinforcers
Definition
these are not directly related to the activity being reinforced
Term
Behavioral ABC's
Definition
Antecedents, Behaviors, Consequences
Term
Memory
Definition
retained learning
Term
Remembering
Definition
the ability to retrieve/access that which we have learned
Term
Recall
Definition
Remembering something from scratch.
Term
Recognition
Definition
trying to remember something for the benefit of something else (ex, knowing the right answer on tests)
Term
Redintegration
Definition
intermediate position between recall and recognition; when two memories become interconnected; when you remember one memory, you automatically remember the other 
Term
Flashbulb Memories
Definition
vivid memories of an emotion-producing event; not always ENTIRELY precise; have a photogenic quality
Term
Optimal Performance
Definition
this occurs at an intermediate level of arousal (ex, mild test anxiety)
Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition

Experimental group: learn "a", learn "b", remember "a"

Control Group: learn "a", remember "a" (NO interference)

Term
Proactive Interference
Definition

Experimental Group: learn "a", learn "b", remember "b"

Control Group: Learn "b", remember "b"

Term
ABAR
Definition
learn A, learn B, if you have problems remembering A, it's because of Retroactive Interference
Term
ABBP
Definition
learn A, learn B, if you can't remember B, it's because of Proactive interference
Term
Retrieval Failure
Definition
argues that memory is the ability to retrieve previously learned info, and if you can't retrieve it, that doesn't mean it's been forgotten
Term
Traumatic Amnesia
Definition
The inability to recall small, insignificant events 
Term
Psychogenic Amnesia
Definition
not caused by head injury; loss of personal info, suhc as your own name
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
when a person can't remember things that happened PRIOR to an emotion-inducing event 
Term
Intrograde Amnesia
Definition
when a person can't remember things that happen AFTER an emotion-inducing event 
Term
Positive Transfer 
Definition
learning one thing ASSISTS with the learning of a second thing
Term
Negative Transfer
Definition
another name for proactive interference; learning one thing may interfere with the learning of another thing
Term
Confabulation
Definition
confusing an event that happened to someone else with an event that happened to you 
Term
Imagination Inflation
Definition
the more someone thinks about a supposed event, the more they believe it actually happened
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
conscious, intentional recollection of information
Term
Sensory Register
Definition
part of the "three-box model"; information is only stored momentarily but it is extremely precise
Term
Short-term Register
Definition
part of the "three-box" model; limited-capacity memory system; info is retained for brief periods; may store long-term register info temporarily as well
Term
Long-term register
Definition
part of the "three-box" model; stores memory for extended periods
Term
Procedural Memory
Definition
a type of long-term memory; remembering how to do something, such as a jigsaw puzzle
Term
Declarative Memory
Definition
a type of long-term memory; divides into two parts (semantic and episodic); knowing factual info, such as the capital of your country
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
a type of declarative long-term memory; representations of the world, facts, rules etc
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
a type of declarative long-term memory; internal representations of personally experienced memory
Supporting users have an ad free experience!