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| the study of matter and the changes it undergoes |
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| anything that has mass and takes up space |
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| the quantity of matter in an object |
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| anything that is observed or measured about a sample of matter |
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are independent of the same size
ie: concentration, density, boiling/freezing points |
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depends on the size or amount of the sample size
ie: mass, volume, energy |
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| Matter with a fixed composition at the microscopic level |
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| the smallest unit of a chemical compound that can exist independently and still maintain the characteristis properties of the compound |
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| when molecules are formed from 2 atoms |
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| written chemical formulas |
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| used to identify the chemical species invilved |
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| Quantitative measurements |
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| used to determine the amount of product formed or reactants used |
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| the agreement of the measured value with the true value of the same quantity |
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| the agreement amoung repeated measurements |
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1) Matter is composed of atoms
2) Elements are only one type of atom
3) Compounds contain 2 or more different elements
4) Atoms do not change in chemical reactions |
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| Law of Constant Cmoposition |
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| all samples of a pure substance contain the same elemts in the same proportions by mass |
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| Law of Multiple Proportions |
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| the masses of one element will always combine with a fixed mass of the second element in whole number ratios |
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| Law of Conservation of Mass or Matter |
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| there is no detectable loss or gain in mass when a chemical reaction occurs |
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| the number of protons in an atom |
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| the number of protons + the number of neutrons |
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| different atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons |
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| when atoms gain or lose electrons |
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| gain electrons / now negatively charged |
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| lose electrons / now positively charged |
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| established to compare the mass of any atom to that of Carbon-12 |
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| the weighted average of mass in atomic mass units |
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| the maximum height of a wave |
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| the distance between one peak and the next |
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| the number of waves that pass a particular point in a given time period |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation |
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| consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to one another |
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| Constructive Interference |
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| absorbed energy causing a higher state of energy |
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lower / original state of energy
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| a region of 3-dimensional space where electrons exist around the nucleus |
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| when electrons are added to atoms one at a time (available orbitals with the lowest energy first) |
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| The distribution of electrons |
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| Orbitals of the outermost/highest energy level with partially filled subshells |
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| Electrons found in valence orbitals |
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| the rows on the periodic table |
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| a substance that is malleable, has luster, and is a good conductor of electricity |
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| fall along the line on the periodic table which separates metals from nonmetals and shares properties with both |
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| Semiconductors with Example |
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weak conductors of electricity
(property of metalloids) |
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a group of elements showing a regular decrease in metallic behavior
(found in the center of the perdiodic table) |
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| The funky bottom part of the periodic table |
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Elements of group IA
very reactive (especially with water) |
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found in group IIA
less reactive than alkali, but still really reactive |
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Group VIIA
most reactive nonmetals |
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Group VIIIA
seemingly nonreactive behavior |
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| the result of a natural change of an isotope of one element into an isotope of a different element |
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| consist of a stream of positively charged particles that have a +2 charge and a mass of 4 amu |
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| composed of a stream of negatively charged particles that have properties identical to an electron |
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consist of electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelengths (high frequency/energy)
Most damaging radioactive particles |
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the key players in a nuclear reaction
-protons and neutrons |
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| radioactive decay resulting in the release of an alpha particle which changes the identity of the atom |
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| The result of a natural change of an isotope of one element into an isotope of a different element |
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| released energy in the form of highly energentic photons |
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| a particle equal in mass but opposite in charge |
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| an isotope that does not spontaneously decompose into a different element |
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| the period of time required for exactly one half of the number of atoms in the original sample to undergo a radioactive decay - forms a new element |
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| the size of the sample that is large enough to self-sustain a chain reaction |
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| the release of energy through the fission process and has now become radioactive waste material |
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| formed when atoms are stripped of their electrons, which results in positively charged nuclei |
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| deals with the quantities of substances that enter into and are produced by chemical reactions |
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| a number equaling 6.02x10^23 and is defined as the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of the carbon-12 isotope |
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| the speed at which a reaction occurs |
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| the study of reaction rates |
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| the minimum amount of energy requiredfor a reaction to occur |
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| the number of molecules colliding with proper orientation and energy to affect a reaction |
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| a substance thatincreases the rate of reaction but is not consumed in the reaction |
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| catalysts found in biological systems |
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| when the rate of the forward reaction in equal to the reverse reaction |
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when the rates at which a substance changes between physical states
ie : iceburgs |
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| when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions in a chemical change are equal |
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| when a system at equilibrium is disrupted and the system moves in a direction to reestablish the equalibrium |
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chemical reactions that result in the release of energy
ie : heat |
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| chemical reactions that result in the gain of energy |
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| a process in which at least one of the driving-force requirements has been met allowing the reaction to proceed without any outside influences |
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| the study of the conversion of energy from one form to another |
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| The Law of Conservation of Energy |
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| suggests that energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only transfered |
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| The Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| suggests that the total entropy of the universe is constantly increasing |
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| the gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, and loss of electrons |
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| the loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen, and gain of electrons |
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| positive or negative integers assigned to an element based on the numberof electrons gained or lost |
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| atoms can only lose electrons when there is something there to accept them |
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| very reactive atoms that contain an unpaired electron |
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| substances that inhibits oxidation or reactions promoted by free radicals |
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| materials through which electrons enter and leave an electrochemical cell |
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| the electrode where oxidation occurs |
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| the electrode where reduction occurs |
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| Resemble carbon-zinc cells and undergo similar chemical reactions |
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| Lead-Acid Storage Batteries |
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| consist of a plastic or hard-rubber container that holds three or six electochemical cells |
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| Nickel-Cadmium Storage Batteries |
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| operate on the same general principles as lead-acid batteries but use different chemical substances |
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