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Urinary System Anatomy Terms
terms found in pre lab
105
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/07/2012

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Term
the kidneys are said to be located _____ because they are posterior to the periotneal membranes that surrounnd many digestive organs
Definition
retroperitoneal
Term
renal capsule def
Definition
The innermost connective tissue that encases each kidney (makes kidney look like its wrapped in plastic wrap)
Term

Name the 3 regions of the kidney that can be identified in a frontal section of the kidney

aka: name the outer layer

middle layer

the inner layer

Definition

1. renal cortex

2.renal medulla

3.renal pelvis

Term
Renal cortex def
Definition
Most superficial (most outer) region of kidney
Term
renal cortex fcn
Definition
contains many blood vessels that serve the nephron
Term
Renal medulla def
Definition
Middle region of kidney
Term
nephrons def
Definition
the blood filtering structures of the kidney
Term
Medullary pyramids aka (1)
Definition
renal pyramaids
Term
the  Renal pyramids are located (1)
Definition
Renal medulla
Term
each Medullary/ Renal pyramid contains(2)
Definition

1. the looping tubules of the nephron

aka ascending & descending limbs of the loop of henle

 

2. Structures that drain fluid from the nephron.

Term

Renal columns def

and what do they contain(1)?

Definition

Inward extensions of renal cortex

that separate the Medullary/ Renal pyramids

 

Contain many blood vessels

Term
what structure give meduallary pyramids a striated (striped appearance)(1)
Definition

the looping tubules of the nephron

 

 aka the ascending& decending  loop of henle

 

remember medulla

Term
Renal pelvis def
Definition
innermost region of kidney
Term
renal pelvis fcn
Definition
serves as a basin for collecting urine
Term
the  looping Tubes of the nephron  DRAIN into even larger tubes called(1)?
Definition
Minor calcyes
Term
Tubes in which Minor calyces drain into are called (1)?
Definition
Major calcyes
Term
Major calcyes drain into (1)
Definition
the renal pelvis
Term
the large renal arteries deliver about _____ milliliters of blood per minute to the kidney to be filtered.
Definition
1200
Term
the large renal artery becomes the ____ & _____ arteries in the renal pelvis
Definition
segmental & lobar arteries
Term
the large renal artery becomes the ______ in the renal colums
Definition
interLOBAR arteries
Term
the large renal artery becomes the ___ artery when it curves around the meduallary pyrmaids
Definition

arcuate 

 

 

think arc like a circle

Term
the large renal artery becomes the ___ arteries when it enters the renal cortex
Definition
interLOBULAR arteries
Term
the interlobular arteries branch into
Definition
tiny afferent arterioles
Term
afferent arterioles fcn (1)
Definition
each supply the glomerulus
Term
the large renal artery becomes smaller/bigger as it goes from the medulla to the cortex
Definition

smaller

 

its smaller as it branches out from the middle to the outermost layer

Term
glomerulus def
Definition
Ball of capallaries Filters the blood of the kidneys
Term
t or f: is the glomerulus the primary site for gas exchange
Definition
F
Term
Arteriole in which the glomerulus drains into
Definition
Efferent arteriole
Term
t or f: the capallaries of the glomerulus drain into a venule
Definition
f; they drain into a second arteriole called the efferent arteriole
Term
Capillary bed that arises from Efferent arteriole
Definition
Peritubular capillaries
Term
peritubular capillaries fcn (2)
Definition
1.provide nephron with oxygen & nutrients 2.take substances that have been reabsorbed by the nephron tubules back into the blood
Term
peritubular capillaries surround (1)
Definition

the tubules of the nephron

 

thats  how they get their name!

Term
what structure drains the peritubular capillaries
Definition
small interlobULAR veins
Term
small interlobULAR veins drain into
Definition
arcuate veins
Term
arcuate veins drain into
Definition
interlobular veins
Term
interlobular veins drain into
Definition
large renal vein
Term

nephrons def

 

fcn (1)

Definition

Tiny units that compromise kidney on a microscopic level

 

fcn: the bloof filtering structures of the blood

Term
Blood first enters the high pressure circuit of the _______ , where fluid and small solutes are forced out of capallaries and into the _____
Definition
glomerulus
capsular space
Term
capsular space is located
Definition
Bowman's capsule of the renal cortex
Term
Bowman's capsule aka
Definition
glomerular capsule
Term
name layers of the Bowman's capsule (2)
Definition
parietal (outer)
visceral (inner)
Term
the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule contains what kind of epithelium
Definition
simple squamous
Term
the visceral layer of the Bowman's capusle contains
Definition
cells called podocytes that surround the capallaries of the glomerulus
Term
the glomerulus and ts surrounding capsule are called (1)
Definition
renal corpuscle
Term
the filtration membrane consists of (3)
Definition
1.glomerular endothelial cells (parietal)
2.podocytes (visceral)
3.& their shared basal lamina
Term
fcn of the filtration membrane
Definition
prevent large substances in the blood from (such as RBC, proteins) EXITING the glomerular capillaries
Term
the fluid in the capsular space is called
Definition
filtrate
Term
where does the fluid from the capsular space (located in Bowman's space) go
Definition
to the renal tubule
Term
renal tubule def
Definition
series of tubules

aka the plumbing the kidney
Term
name the 3 parts of the renal tubule
Definition
1. Proximal tubule

2. The ascending & descending limbs of the nephron loop

3.Distal tubule
Term
proximal tubule aka
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule
Term
Distal & proximal tubules are located
Definition
renal cortex
Term
Distal tubule aka
Definition
(distal convoluted tubule)
Term
several distal tubes drain into (1)
Definition
collecting duct
Term
macula densa def (1)
include where they are fouund(1)
Definition
grp of closely packed cells

found btwn the ascending nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Term
juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
Definition
specialized cells in the afferent arteriole
Term
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Definition
the union of the JG cells & macula densa
Term
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) fcn (2)
Definition
plays a role in controlling the:
1. flow of filtrate through the nephron
2. the blood pressure within the glomerulus
Term
from the collecting duct filtrate drains into
Definition
larger tubules called papillary ducts

(more water reclaimed)
Term
fcn of the renal tubule and collecting duct
Definition
allows for most of the water & solutes in the filtrate(fluid from Bowman's capsule) to be reclaimed
Term
after fluid leaves the papaillary ducts it is called
Definition
urine
Term
give the path of urine once it leaves the papillary ducts til it is expelled from body (6)
Definition
urine drains into:
1. minor calcyes
2.major calcyes
3.renal pelvis
4.ureters
5. bladder
6.urethra
Term
ureters def
Definition
Tubes where urine travels to after leaving renal pelvis
Term
the ureters are lined by what epithelium?
Definition
transitional epithelium
Term
the walls of the ureters contain ____ which fcn to
Definition
smooth muscle that massage the urine via peristalsis (how urine moves through ureter).
Term
structure that drains ureters is the
Definition
urinary bladder
Term
urinary bladder is lined with what kind of epithelium?
Definition
transitional epithelium
Term
the walls of the urinary bladder contain _______ & give aka
Definition
smooth muscle (aka detrusor muscle)
rugae: allow bladder to expand when filled with urine
Term
what structure allow bladder to expand when filled with urine
Definition
fold called rugae
Term
the Smooth inferior portion of urinary bladder wall is called the
Definition
Trigone
Term
Trigone congtains (1) give its name &fcn
Definition
the internal urethra orifice:

the opening that leads to urethra
Term
Final organ of urinary system
Definition
urethra
Term
the urethra consists of (2)
Definition
2 rings of smooth muscle:
Involuntary: internal urethral sphincter
Voluntary: external urethral sphincter
Term
when the internal &external urethral sphincter RELAX what occurs?
Definition
urine is expelled from the body
Term
give the term: urine is expelled from the body via a process called
Definition
micturition
Term
transitional epithelium
Definition
An epithelium that allows for expansion and recoil
Term
the ascending & descending limbs of the nephron loop are located (1)?
Definition
renal medulla
Term
release of renin causes (2)
Definition
restricts losses of water and salt in urine
•By stimulating reabsorption at nephron
Term
Proximal convoluted tubule fcn (3)
Definition
Reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
Term
Distal convoluted tubule fcn
secretes: (3)
reabsorbs:
Definition
1.Secretion of ions, acids, drugs/toxins
2.Variable reabsorption of water, sodium ions, and calcium ions

*(under hormonal control)
Term
Nephron loop (3)
Definition
Further reabsorption of water (descending limb):water
(ascending limb): Na & Cl ions
Term
Filtration Driven by
Definition
blood hydrostatic pressure
Term
blood hydrostatic pressure causes

small solutes?
lg solutes?
Definition
forces water through membrane pores

1.Small solute molecules pass through pores

2.Larger solutes and suspended materials are retained
Term
blood hydrostatic pressure occurs
under what conditions?
Definition
across capillary walls

As water and dissolved materials are pushed into interstitial fluids
Term
Glucose appears in urine is called
Definition
Glycosuria
Term
compare the Renal Threshold for Amino Acids to glucose
Definition
amino acids: 65
glucose: 180

so it is normal for amino acids to appear in urine After a protein-rich meal
Term
Amino acids commonly appear in urine is called
Definition
Aminoaciduria
Term
Osmolarity def
Definition
Total number of solute particles per liter
Term
Osmolarity units

1.for body fluids
2.Ion concentrations
3.Concentrations of large organic molecules
Definition
1. osmoles per liter (Osm/L) or milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L

*300 mOsm/L (normal )

3.Grams or milligrams per unit volume of solution (mg/dL or g/dL)
2.In milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)
Term
Glomerular Filtration:
3 components of glomerular membrane
Definition
1.Capillary endothelium
2.Dense layer
3.Filtration slits
Term
Glomerular Capillaries are what kind of capillaries
Definition
fenestrated capillaries
Term
Glomerular Capillaries: pores have a diameter of
Definition
60–100 nm diameter
Term
Glomerular Capillaries prevent ____ from entering
Definition
passage of blood cells
Term
fenestrated capillaries fcn
Definition
Allow diffusion of solutes,
including plasma proteins

recall these are Glomerular Capillaries
Term
The Dense Layer Allows diffusion of only:(3)
Definition
•Small plasma proteins
•Nutrients
•Ions

(more selective)
Term
this layer is the most selective out of all 3 glomerular membrane layers
Definition
The Filtration Slits
Term
The Filtration Slits allow
Definition
PREVENT passage of most small plasma proteins
Term
The Filtration Slits have gaps
Definition
only 6–9 nm wide
Term
why is a relatively high pressures required to force blood into Efferent arterioles?
Definition
recall:
Blood leaving glomerular capillaries
Flows into an efferent arteriole

(has a diameter smaller than afferent arteriole)
=

produces resistance
Term
The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Definition
Is the amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute
Term
The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
average value
Definition
125 mL/min
Term
The Glomerular Filtration Rate : 1.results in what % of fluid being delivered to kidneys?
2.This fluid the _________
3.Enters the _________
Definition
1.10%
2.leaves the bloodstream
3.capsular spaces
Term
what test Is used to estimate the GFR?
Definition
Creatinine Clearance
Term
what is creatinine and how is it used to determine kidney fcn?
Definition
creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is an important part of muscle

The creatinine clearance test compares the level of creatinine in urine with the creatinine level in the blood.
Term
Creatinine Clearance Test measures
Definition
Measures total creatinine excreted in 24 h and plasma levels of creatinine

calculation:
•GFR in dL/hour = Creatinine excretion rate (mg/hr)/plasma concentration of creatinine (g/dL)
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