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Urinary System Lecture
Chapter 23
51
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/30/2011

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Term
What are the functions of the kidneys?
Definition
filter large volumes of plasma, reabsorbed molecules that are needed and allowing the nitrogenous wastes to remain in the fluid that is excreted as urine
Term
Kidneys control what 3 aspects of the blood?
Definition
control volume, PH, osmolality of the blood
Term
what chemicals do the kidneys secrete?
Definition
renin and erythropoietin
Term
what are the principal organs of the urinary system?
Definition
kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
Term
what vertebrae are the kidneys located on?
Definition
T11-L3
Term
the ___ kidney is usually a little bit higher than the _____ kidney
Definition
left; right
Term
the hilus is where
Definition
the renal artery and vein and ureter occur on the kidney
Term
how much blood flow do the kidneys get?
Definition
1/4th of blood flow
Term
blood flow pattern through the kidneys
Definition
renal artery---> afferent arterioles---> glomerus---> efferent arterioles---> caoukkarues around the tubules (vasa recta& peritubular capillaries)--->venules--->renal vein--->inferior vena cava
Term
nitrogenous wastes are derived from the breakdown of _______ and ________
Definition
amino acids and nucleic acids
Term
humans excrete ____ as a nitrogenous waste
Definition
urea
Term
what nitrogenous wastes do other animals excrete?
Definition
ammonia, uric acid
Term
the rate at which plasma is filtered
Definition
glomerular filtration rate
Term
what percent of fluid filtered by the kidneys is reabsorbed
Definition
99%
Term
what is injected to monitor the glomerular filtration rate?
Definition
inulin
Term
what three processes do urine formation involve?
Definition
filtration,reabsorbtion,secretion
Term
functional unit of the kidney
Definition
nephrono
Term
how are most drugs removed from your system?
Definition
these molecules are actively transported into the tubules from the surrounding fluids by H+ and HCO3 ions
Term
podocytes
Definition
cells that line the inner part of the bowmans capsule
Term
a classic place to look for cuboidal epithelium is in the
Definition
tubules (PCT and DCT)
Term
what makes the epithelial cells of the PCT differ from the cells in the DCT?
Definition
the epithelial cells of the PCT have prominent microvilli called brush borders
Term
brush borders
Definition
microvilli that line the epithilium in the PCT
Term
what do brush borders do
Definition
carry out active transport
Term
what kind of epithelium do the ureters and the bladder have?
Definition
transitional epithelium
Term
juxtaglomerular apparatus
Definition
supplies kidneys with highly oxygenated blood
Term
juxtaglomerular cells
Definition
located in the afferent arteriole. they are specialized smooth muscle cells that secrete renin and dilate or constrict the vessel
Term
macula densa
Definition
specialized cells in DCT monitors osmotic concentration of the glomerular fluid
Term
the macula densa sends a chemical message to the juxtaglomerular cells when levels of ____ lower.
Definition
CL-
Term
what happens when the juxtaglomerular apparatus is in affect?
Definition
the juxtaglomerular cells relax the smooth muscles, making the arteriole bigger, and then releasing renin, which constricts the blood vessels to the extremeties, which should increase blood flow to the kidneys and vital organs
Term
renin also stimulates the production of ________, which increases levels of _____reabsorption and water reabsorption.
Definition
aldosterone,na+
Term
hypertonic urine
Definition
concentrated urine ( with wastes) to prevent having to lose a great amount of water to urinate
Term
counter-current exchange
Definition
a mechanism that allows the kidneys to concentrate the amount of wastes in the urine higher than normal
Term
what does the hormone ADH control
Definition
the amount of water reabsorbed in the collecting duct
Term
peristalisis
Definition
how urine is transported down the ureters to the bladder
Term
what areas make up the trigone of the bladder?
Definition
the two ureters come together with the internal urethral spincter to form this
Term
the male urethra is divided into what 3 sections?
Definition
1.prostatic urethra
2.membranous urethra
3.penile urethra
Term
prostatic urethra
Definition
where the urethra goes through the prostate gland that lies immediately below the bladder
Term
membranous urethra
Definition
where the urethra goes through the body wall
Term
penile urethra
Definition
through the length of the penis
Term
micturation
Definition
the process of voiding urine from the body
Term
renal caliculi
Definition
kidney stones
Term
cystitis
Definition
infections in the kidney
Term
pyelitis
Definition
infections in the ureters
Term
pyelonephritis
Definition
if the infection of the ureters reaches the cortex
Term
what part of the nephron does not experience active transport?
Definition
descending loop of henle
Term
what passively flows out of the descending loop of henle?
Definition
H2o
Term
what flows in/out of the ascending loop of henle?
Definition
urea passively moving in; NACL passively and actively moving out
Term
list the order of the nephron structures
Definition
efferent and afferent arterioles, renal (bowmans) capsule, glomerulus, PCT, Descending loop, Ascending loop, DCT, Collecting Duct
Term
which part of the nephron has a thick section?
Definition
ascending loop of henle
Term
hemodyalysis
Definition
is a method for removing waste products such as creatinine and urea, as well as free water from the blood when the kidneys are in renal failure. filters blood through machine
Term
peritoneal dialysis
Definition
The process uses the patient's peritoneum in the abdomen as a membrane across which fluids and dissolved substances (electrolytes, urea, glucose, albumin and other small molecules) are exchanged from the blood.
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