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Unit One: Pt. 2
Genetics, Epidemiology
39
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
02/24/2014

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Term
what is a vital statistic in behavior genetics?
Definition
correlation, which ranges from -1 t0 +1 is vital to behavioral genetics in order to provide an index of the magnitude of how strongly two variables are related to one another
Term
how many genes are shared by identical twins, paternal twins/siblings, and half siblings?
Definition
100%, roughly 50%, 25% of genes are shared by these siblings, respectively.
Term
What are the variance types of behavioral genetics?
Definition
1. additive variation (A)
2. common/shared environmental variation (C)
3. nonshared environmental variation (E)
Term
additive genes (A)
Definition
genes with does-response relations. said gene is the primary contributor to heritability in most psychological traits. includes direct and indirect effects of genes
Term
heritability
Definition
h^2
the percentage of population variation in an outcome that can be accounted for by genetic variation
Term
shared environment (C)
Definition
environmental influences that occur at the family level. reflects influences of environments experienced by both siblings that have the same effect on them. ex- family income, school quality, parental affection
Term
nonshared environment (E)
Definition
environments that are uniquely experienced by individual siblings, or environments that are experienced by both siblings but have different effects on them. ex- different treatment from parents, different schools, chance experience and ecounters
Term
what are some assumptions about ACE models?
Definition
1. twins are representative of the general population
2. MZ twins aren't treated more similarly to one another than DZ twins
3. no assortative mating
Term
How much of IQ is due to genes?
Definition
50-70% of IQ is attributed to genetic factors
Term
what is the IQ paradox?
Definition
the IQ paradox is that although we know potent environmental factors exist, classical behavioral genetics suggest that they should not exist.
Term
what is a possible resolution to the IQ paradox?
Definition
realization of genetic potential of cognitive development results from the accumulation of environmental experiences and depends on exposure to high quality environmental contexts over time.
Term
what are the findings concerning the importance of genetic influence on cognitive development as the child matures?
Definition
there is evidence that as the child develops, the heritability of cognitive ability increases.
Term
transactional models
Definition
a model of the relationship between genetics and environment in cognitive development that states that early genetically influenced behaviors lead a person to select environments that causal effects on cognition and reinforce the original behaviors. Ex- a person with high IQ is often integrated into environments that are conducive to further IQ increases.
Term
bidirectional associations
Definition
often consistent with transactional models, bidirectional associations are relationships between variables that are both causes and effects. Ex- a child's disposition for learning affects their later test scores which in turn affect their later disposition toward learning.
Term
gene-environment correlation
Definition
environmental experiences become sorted on the basis of individuals' genetically influenced traits. genetically similar people experience more similar environments.
Term
what are some possible reasons for the increased influence of genetics in cognitive heritability?
Definition
1. the feed-back loop of the transactional model amplifies genetically influenced traits
2. "new" genes, such as those that begin to express themselves post-puberty, come into play
Term
what is the implications of SES on genetic heritability
Definition
high levels of SES result in more abundant and higher-quality opportunities for genetically influenced behavioral selection to choose from.
Term
what influence does Gene X SES interaction have?
Definition
It has been indicated that genetic influences on cognition are suppressed by socioeconomic disadvantages.
Term
how much is of BMI is heritable?
Definition
55-85% of BMI is heritable and this increases with age (just as found in cognition)
Term
where do most non genetic effects come from?
Definition
most non genetic effects on BMI are non shared environmental factors
Term
how does one overcome genetics?
Definition
in the case of BMI regulation, one can overcome genetics with a healthy environment and lifestyle that counter acts gene-related risks
Term
shared environment effect
Definition
the extent to which family environment makes members more similar than would be expected from their genetic relatedness. this becomes less influential with age
Term
the higher SES, the _____ genetics matter.
Definition
Higher SES, the more genetics matter.
Term
epidemiology
Definition
the study of patterns, causes and effects of health conditions in defined populations. Also, identifies risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare.
Term
what are the targets of epidemiology?
Definition
person, place, time.
Term
agent
Definition
mechanism of transmission
Term
host
Definition
person or group susceptible to certain causal agents
Term
social environment
Definition
factors that are not part of agent or host but that influence their interaction, i.e. living conditions
Term
incidence
Definition
number of new cases added during a specific time period
Term
prevalence
Definition
total number of cases of a disease at a given point in time
Term
Snow
Definition
made a map during the 1854 cholera outbreak and discovered the diseases centralization around a certain water pump, lead to the discovery of cholera as a water-based disease and the eventual development of metropolitan health management.
Term
epidemiologic transition
Definition
1. age of pestilence and famine
2. age of receding pandemics
3. age of degenerative and man made diseases

although this didn't occur universally, these transitions represent a lowering and stabilization of death and birth rates as well as a shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases.
Term
age of pestilence and famine
Definition
marked by high and fluctuating mortality rates, particularly in mothers and infants. not very much food, slow population grown, LE of about 20-40 years.
Term
age of receding pandemics
Definition
mortality progressively declines, rate of epidemics decreases frequency, life expectancy increases to 30-50 years, population growth is beginning to become exponential.
Term
the age of degenerative and man mad diseases
Definition
mortality continues to decline to a stable and relatively low level. chronic conditions become prevalent and health is increasingly dependent on life choices.
Term
major variables in psychosocial epidemiology
Definition
1. stress
2. quantity/quality of relationships
3. health behaviors
4. personality traits
5. SES
6. cognitive ability, genes
Term
methods of study in psychosocial epidemiology
Definition
1. survey methodology (cross-sectional/retrospective longitudinal/prospective)
2. biomedical data (interview, physical exam)
3. secondary analyses (official records, census)
Term
what are some issues with survey methodology?
Definition
1. self reports are subject to bias
2. measurement problems
3. specificity of terms
4. expensive
5. causal order
Term
what are some causes for network effects?
Definition
induction- adapting to your network's habits or norms
homophily- birds of feather fly together
confoundability- y'all share a common exposure to some sort of explanatory variable
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