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Unit One: Pt. 1
Demography, Obesity, Evaluating studies
33
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
02/24/2014

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Term
demography
Definition
demography is the study of populations processes, size, and composition and their changes.
Term
what are the population process studied in demography
Definition
the processes studied in demography are fertility, mortality, and migration:
P1-P2=B-D+IM-OM
Term
what are some ares that demographers inevitably study in order to gain insight to fertility, migration, and mortality?
Definition
demographers end up studying families, spatial distribution, and health
Term
at what level of study do demographers work?
Definition
demographers work at the 'population' level rather than clinical or convenience samples
Term
What is the importance of empirical rigor in demography?
Definition
the legitimacy and credibility of demographic studies are dependable on the level of quality of their data and the methodology used.
Term
what is the main goal of demography?
Definition
the main goal of demography is to explain why populations change and what factors contribute to the disparities between groups based in time, place, etc. by providing documentation through data and facts, attempting to find a cause and provide an explanation, and examining the implications.
Term
how does the US rank compared to other high income countries on mortality, survival, and life expectancy and why?
Definition
The US ranks at or near the bottom of nearly all indications of mortality, survival, and life expectancy. However, there doesn't seem to be any one primary cause of death suggests that there is no singular cause.
Term
what is BMI?
Definition
body mass index= height/weight
Term
what classifies an individual as overweight? obese levels 1,2, and 3?
Definition
a BMI of +25, 30-35, 35-40, +40, respectively.
Term
What was the Bogalusa Heart Study?
Definition
the Bogalusa Heart study was a long term study that conducted bi annual examination of all school children to try and identify risk factors in childhood that could indication cardiovascular disease latter in life.
Term
What were the findings of the Bogalusa Heart study?
Definition
The study clearly established that heart disease begins in childhood by discovering a strong correlation between risk factors found in children and autopsies of heart disease patients. These factors included high cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as 77% of obese children remaining obese in adult hood.
Term
how many Americans are capable of maintaining an healthy weight?
Definition
Only 1/3 of Americans able to maintain an healthy weight.
Term
When did American obesity levels spike?
Definition
From 1960-2008, American obesity levels increased by 80%. Now roughly 1/3 of the country is classified as overweight.
Term
Although obesity as traditionally been linked to ______ poverty and particular regions such as ______, what has happened to these levels?
Definition
Although obesity has been traditionally linked to poverty and certain regions, such as the south, these levels have evened out.
Term
how are genes related to obesity?
Definition
hundred of genes contribute to weight gain, particularly those that control food intake. these genes are often a result of a gen by environment interaction.
Term
what factors are key to cardiovascular health?
Definition
1. Low blood pressure
2. lean BMI
3. no diabetes
4. no smoking
5. proper activity levels
6. optimal cholesterol levels
7. healthy diet
Term
what are some health risks of obesity?
Definition
1. heart disease
2. cryptogenic sorosis: stiffening of the liver
3. increases in cholesterol and blood pressure
4. chronic diseases such as cancer, arthritis, dementia, diabetes, etc.
Term
what's the difference between type one and two diabetes?
Definition
type 1: you don't have the blood sugar or insulin to utilize blood sugar
type 2: you don't have the ability to utilize your blood sugar.
Term
what are the economic implications of the obesity epidemic?
Definition
1. collectively costs roughly 150 billion dollars a year
2. some businesses have begun to require higher premiums for overweight employees
3. a healthy workforce is vital
Term
in terms of empirical importance, what makes the bolugasa credible?
Definition
the longer they study follows the patient, the more reliable the data is. So, because bolugasa stayed with these children from childhood into adult hood, the correlations between their childhood risk factors and health issues in adult hood were very strong and clear.
Term
what is the significance of the woman who ate nothing but fast food for several weeks?
Definition
this study focused on weight gain rather than weight loss, thus providing a control and a treatment. The study isolated the factor of fast food/caloric intake and analyzed it as being a feasible cause of obesity.
Term
what are some causes of obesity?
Definition
genetics, health behaviors, poverty, education, and environment are some causes of obesity
Term
what are some consequences of obesity?
Definition
Mortality, chronic diseases, and discrimination are some consequences of obesity.
Term
How should we evaluate studies on obesity?
Definition
When evaluating studies on obesity, it is important to evaluate:
1. number of respondents
2. how respondents where chosen
3. characteristics (such as SES) of respondents
4. how the study was funded
5. timeframe of study
6. how variables were measured
7. what variables were included
Term
.correlation
Definition
a relationship between two variables which shows that the change in the "caused" is explained by the "cause"
Term
time order
Definition
the "cause" is prior to the change "caused," somethings will never come after others
Term
what was Dr. Attia's main argument?
Definition
that it is important to question our current 'standards' and outlook on obesity and diabetes. He makes the argument that obesity could be a symptom of insulin resistance rather than a cause of it. This alternative interpretation of the correlation of obesity and diabetes is an example of alternative time order.
Term
what is one example of why obese women have higher rates of cervical cancer?
Definition
obese women are less likely to go to the doctor due to weight-based prejudice, thus less likely to get pap smears and diagnosed early on. however, this does not mean that obesity CAUSES cervical cancer.
Term
What is the obesity paradox?
Definition
either being overweight/obesity is only weakly related to mortality and might even be protective or it is responsible for almost 20% of US adult deaths.
Term
obeseogenic environment
Definition
recent cohorts of adults who have grown up in an environment that supports both a higher likely hood of these people being overweight/obese and a higher likely hood that they will live more and more years overweight
Term
what is usually the main cause of obesity myths?
Definition
third party variables are often responsible for weight loss myths. for example- 'breast feeding is protective against obesity' but this statement does not take into account SES as a third party variable of the frequency of breast feeding. SES opens a door to a whole new set of explanatory variables that are not taken into account by the original claim.
Term
what is meta-analysis?
Definition
meta-analysis is a statistical analysis of multiple studies on a common subject
Term
what are some myths about obesity?
Definition
1. breast feeding protects against obesity
2. PE classes play an important role in preventing childhood obesity
3. Large, rapid weight loss is associated with poorer long-term weight outcomes than slow, gradual weight loss
4. small sustained changes in energy intake/expenditures will produce large, long-term weight changes
5. setting realistic goals in obesity treatment is important otherwise patients lose moral and fail.
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