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Unit 9 - Head and Neck Assessment
Test 2
250
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
02/25/2014

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Cards

Term
What parts of the body does a head and neck assessment involve?
Definition
Head, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, pharynx, lymph nodes, carotid arteries, thyroid gland, trachea.
Term
What is PERRLA?
Definition
Pupils
Equal
Round
Reactive to
Light and
Accommodation
Term
Where does your subjective data come from in a head/neck assessment?
Definition
Health history questions
Term
Where does your objective data come from in a head/neck assessment?
Definition
Physical exam
Term
Where is the pre auricular node?
Definition
In front of the ear
Term
Where is the posterior auricular/matoid node?
Definition
Superficial to the mastoid process
Term
Where is the occipital node?
Definition
Base of skull
Term
Where is the submandibular node?
Definition
Halfway between the angle and the tip of the mandible
Term
Where is the jugulodigastric node?
Definition
Under the angle of the mandible
Term
Where is the superficial cervical node?
Definition
Overlying the sternomastoid muscle
Term
Where is the deep cervical?
Definition
Deep under the sternomastoid muscle
Term
Where is the posterior cervical?
Definition
Posterior triangle along hte edge of the trapezius muscle
Term
Where is the supraclavicular?
Definition
Just above and behind the clavicle
Term
Where should you check if a node is abnormal?
Definition
Upstream from it.
Term
Where are nodes accessible for examination?
Definition
Head, neck, arms, axillae, and inguinal region
Term
What is a fontanel?
Definition
The spaces where sutures intersect. Soft spots.
Term
What is the pattern of head growth for an infant?
Definition
Grows during childhood and reaches 90% of its final size when the child is 6 years old.
Term
When is lymphoid tissue at its adult size? What happens from there?
Definition
6 years old. Continues to grow until 10 or 11 and then decreases in size with age.
Term
What happens in the thyroid of a pregnant woman?
Definition
IT enlarges slightly.
Term
How does appearance change in aging adults?
Definition
Facial bones are more prominent, wrinkles, lower face may look smaller if teeth are gone.
Term
What questions should you ask someone with a headache?
Definition
Unusually frequent, severe? Onset? Had this type before? Location? Character? Mild, moderate, severe? Course and duration? Precipitating factors? Associated factors? Other illnesses? Taking meds? What makes it worse? Treatment? Coping strategies?
Term
What questions should you ask someone with a head injury?
Definition
Onset? Setting? How were you just before injury? History of illness (heart trouble, diabetes, epilepsy)? Location? Duration? Associated symptoms? Pattern? Effort to treat?
Term
What questions should you ask someone who is dizzy?
Definition
Determine what patient means by dizziness. Onset? Associated factors?
Term
What ?'s should you ask some1 with neck pain or limitation of motion?
Definition
Onset? Location? Associated symptoms? Precipitating factors? Related to stress? Coping strategies?
Term
What ?'s should you ask someone w/ lumps or swelling?
Definition
Recent infection, tenderness? Duration? Change in size? History of irradiation of head, neck, upper chest? Difficulty swallowing? Do you smoke? Do you drink alcohol? Thyroid problems?
Term
What ?'s should you ask some1 w/ history of head/neck surgery?
Definition
Ever had surgery of head or neck? Why? When? How do you feel about the results?
Term
In addition to normal health history questions, what else should you ask infants/children?
Definition
Maternal alcohol or drug use, type of delivery, was growth pattern normal?
Term
What questions in additional to normal health history questions should you ask the aging adult?
Definition
Dizziness? Neckpain? Does it affect ADL?
Term
What are you doing when physically examining the head?
Definition
Inspecting and palpating the skull for size and shape and the temporal area.
Term
What is the temporal area?
Definition
The artery above the cheek bone between the eye and the top of the ear. Shouldn't be hard to touch or hurt the patient.
Term
What are you looking for in facial structure examination?
Definition
That the facial expression is appropriate for the setting, symmetry, any abnormal structures or involuntary movements.
Term
What are you looking for when assessing the neck?
Definition
Symmetry, ROM, lymph nodes, trachea, thyroid
Term
How do you test ROM of the neck?
Definition
Chin to chest, turn the head L and R, try to touch each ear to a shoulder, extend head back.
Term
How is the trachea normally found?
Definition
Midline. Should be symmetrical
Term
What should you note when doing a thyroid assessment?
Definition
Enlargement, consistency, symmetry, nodules
Term
What should you do if the thyroid is enlarged?
Definition
Auscultate for bruit. A soft, pulsatile, whooshing sound caused by accelerated or turbulent blood flow.
Term
What is Cranial Nerve 1?
Definition
Olfactory - SMELL
Term
What is Cranial Nerve 2?
Definition
Optic - VISUAL ACUITY, VISUAL FIELDS, CORNEAL LIGHT REFLEX
Term
What is Cranial Nerve 3?
Definition
Oculomotor - EYEBROWS, PUPILLARY REACTION TO LIGHT (PERRLA)
Term
What is Cranial Nerve 4?
Definition
Trochlear - innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye
Term
What is Cranial nerve 5?
Definition
Tigeminal - Strength and sensation of neck and face
Term
What is cranial nerve 6?
Definition
Abducens - innervates lateral rectus muscle
Term
What is cranial nerve 7?
Definition
Facial - Movement, taste
Term
What is cranial nerve 8?
Definition
Acoustic - Assess for hearing
Term
What is cranial nerve 9?
Definition
Glossopharyngeal - Assess mouth for movement of soft palate and gag reflex and taste.
Term
What is cranial nerve 10?
Definition
Vagus - Assess for swallowing and speech.
Term
What is cranial nerve 11?
Definition
Spinal Accessory - Assess shoulders for strength.
Term
What is cranial nerve 12?
Definition
Hypoglossal - Assess tongue for movement and strength.
Term
What is hydrocephalus?
Definition
Obstruction of drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid results in excessive accumulation increasing intracranial pressure and enlarges the head.
Term
What is Paget's disease?
Definition
Askeletal disease of increased bone resorption and formation which softens, tickets, and deforms bone. 10% of those 80+ and occurs more often in males.
Term
What is acromegaly?
Definition
Excessive secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland after puberty creates an enlarged skull and thickened cranial bones.
Term
What is parotid gland enlargement?
Definition
Rapid, painful inflammation of the parotid glands.
Term
What is multiple thyroid nodules?
Definition
Indicate inflammation or a multi-nodular goiter rather than a neoplasm.
Term
What is torticollis?
Definition
Wryneck. A hematoma in one sternomastoid muscle results in a head tilt and decreased ROM. Firm, discrete non tender mass.
Term
What is a pilar cyst?
Definition
Wen. Smooth, firm, fluctuant swelling on the scalp that contains sebum and keratin. Benign.
Term
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
Definition
Thin upper lip, indistinct philtrum, short nose, flat mid face, short palpebral fissures, epicentral folds, low nasal bridge, micrognathia.
Term
What is congenial hypothyroidism?
Definition
Thyroid deficiency at an early age produced impaired growth and neurological deficit. Low hairline, hirsute forehead, swollen eyelids, narrow palpebral fissures, puffy face, thick tongue.
Term
What is down syndrome?
Definition
Trisomy 21. Upslanting eyes, inner epacanthal folds, flat nasal bridge, small broad flat nose, thick tongue, ear dysplasia etc.
Term
What is atopic fancies?
Definition
Exhausted face, bluish shadows below eyes, double or single crease on on lower eyelids, central facial pallor, open mouth breathing
Term
What is allergic salute and crease?
Definition
Transverse line on nose from chronic allergies
Term
WHat is parkinson's syndrome?
Definition
A deficiency of dopamine and denigration of the basal ganglia of the brain. Flat, expressionless face.
Term
What is Cushing's syndrome?
Definition
Too much ACTH and chronic steroid use. Round face with prominent jowls, red cheeks.
Term
What is hyperthyroidism?
Definition
Goiter is an increase in the size of the thyroid gland associated with hyperthyroidism.
Term
What is cachectic appearance?
Definition
Gaunt.
Term
What is bell's palsy?
Definition
A lower motor neuron lesion produces VII (FACIAL) nerve paralysis which is almost always only on one side.
Term
What is brain attack/stroke?
Definition
Upper motor neuron lesion. Lower face is affected, should be unaffected above nose.
Term
What is scleroderma/
Definition
Hard skin. Chronic hardening and shrinking degenerative changes in the skin, blood vessels, synovium, and skeletal muscles. Hard shiny skin on forehead, cheeks, think lips, no skin folds, muscular atrophy.
Term
What is the palpebral fissure?
Definition
Opening of eye.
Term
What is the limbus?
Definition
the border between the cornea and sclera.
Term
What is the canthus?
Definition
The corner of the eye.
Term
What is the caruncle?
Definition
The fleshy mass containing sebaceous glands in the inner can thus.
Term
Does part of the upper lid cover the iris?
Definition
Yes
Term
What are tarsal plates?
Definition
Give shape to upper lip.
Term
What is the meibomian gland?
Definition
Lubricates lids
Term
What is conjunctiva?
Definition
Transparent protective covering of the eye
Term
What is the lacrimal apparatus?
Definition
Proves constant irrigation to keep eyes moist
Term
What do all the extra ocular muslces do?
Definition
CONJUGATE MOVEMENT
Term
What nerves innervate the muscles of the eyes?
Definition
VI, Abducens (Lateral Rectus)
IV, Trochlear (Superior Oblique)
III, Oculomotor (All the rest)
Term
What is the outer layer of the eye?
Definition
the sclera
Term
What is the middle layer of the eye? What is within it?
Definition
The choroid.
The ciliary body
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Anterior Chamber
Term
What is the inner layer of the eye? What's in it?
Definition
The retina.
Optic dis
Retinal vessels
Macula
Term
How do we see?
Definition
Objects reflect light, then the rays are refracted through the transparent media and then strike the retina. The retina then transforms light to a nerve impulse that are conducted through the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.
Term
How does the image formed in the retina look?
Definition
Upside down and reversed from its actual appearance.
Term
The R brain looks at the _____ world and vice versa.
Definition
Left
Term
What is the pupillary light reflex?
Definition
Cranial Nerve II causes the pupil to constrict in response to light.
Term
What is fixation? What impairs it?
Definition
Reflex direction of the eye toward an object attracting a person's attention. Drugs, alcohol, fatigue.
Term
What is accommodation?
Definition
Adaptation of the eye for near vision. Increases the curvature of the lens through movement of the ciliary muscles.
Term
Do infants and children have peripheral vision?
Definition
Yes
Term
When does the keenest vision develop>
Definition
When the macula is developed by 4 m/o
Term
When is fixation possible?
Definition
3-4 months
Term
What is presbyopia?
Definition
The len's decreased ability to accommodate for near vision
Term
What is cataract? Who does it effect?
Definition
Lens opacity resulting from clumping proteins in the lens. Old people.
Term
What is glaucoma?
Definition
Increased IOP. Chronic open-angle is most common and causes gradual loss of peripheral vision.
Term
What is macular degeneration?
Definition
The breakdown of cells in the macula of the retina. Causes loss of central vision, the area of clearest vision and is the leading cause of blindness.
Term
Who does open-angle glaucoma affect the most?
Definition
Black people
Term
What are age related effects that effect sight?
Definition
Facial changes, decreased tear production, lipid material around limbus, pupil size decreases, lens becomes hard and glasslike, blurred vision, no night driving
Term
What should you note during the health history questions?
Definition
Vision difficulty, pain, strabismus, redness/swelling, watering/discharge, past history of ocular problems, glaucoma, use of glasses/contacts, self-care behaviors,
Term
What additional questions should you ask children during an eye assessment?
Definition
Vaginal infection during delivery, developmental milestones of vision noted, routine vision tested @ school, safety measures taken.
Term
What additional questions should you ask aging adults during an eye assessment?
Definition
Noticed Visual difficult, last time glaucoma test, history cataracts, eye dryness, any decreased activities.
Term
What position should a person be in for an eye exam?
Definition
Sit up w/ head at eye level
Term
What equipment is needed for an eye assessment?
Definition
Snellen eye chart
Handhelp visual screener
Opaque card/occluder
Penlight
Applicator stick
Opthalmoscope
Term
How do you test visual acuity?
Definition
Snellen eye chart.
Term
How do you test for near vision?
Definition
Hand-held vision screener w/ various print sizes.
Term
How do you test visual fields?
Definition
Confrontation test. Hold paper over one eye and move finger in different directions, person says now when they first see the finger. Normal results = 50 degrees upward, 90 degrees temporally, 70 degrees downward, 60 degrees nasally.
Term
How do you test extra ocular muscle fxn?
Definition
Corneal light reflex. - same spot both eyes.
Cover test - cover eye and gaze should be fixed/straight.
Diagnostic positions test - 6 cardinal positions of gaze.
Term
How do you test the cornea and lens?
Definition
Shine a light from the side and check for smoothness and clarity.
Term
How do you test the iris & pupils?
Definition
Note size and shape, pupillary light reflex and accommodation (far to close sight)

Pupils dilate with far vision and constrict with close vision.
Term
What are you looking for with the ophthalmoscope on the ocular fundus?
Definition
Red reflex, optic disk - note color/shape, retinal vessels (color, ratio, caliber), general background of the funds and the macula is the dark spot parallel to the optic disk.
Term
How do you check visual acuity on infants and children?
Definition
Infant - light perception using the blink reflex, pupillary reflex,
Term
How do you check visual fields on infants and children?
Definition
Confrontation test in children older than 3 years.
Term
How do you check color vision in children?
Definition
Affects males more than women.
Term
How do you check for extra ocular muscle fxn in kids?
Definition
Test for strabismus, check corneal light reflex, cover test
Term
What is different in vision in old people?
Definition
Central vision loss may have occurred causing a decrease in central vision, the eyebrows may show a loss of hair, tissues are sagging that may cover the eyes, retinal structures have less shine, vessels are paler, narrower etc.
Term
What is strabismus?
Definition
Cross-eyed
Term
What is esotropia?
Definition
Inward turning of the ye
Term
What is exotropia?
Definition
Outward turning of the eyes
Term
What is periorbital edema?
Definition
Lids are swollen and puffy.
Term
What is upward palebral slant?
Definition
When combined with epicentral folds, hypertelorism, and brush field spots, indicates down syndrome.
Term
What is exophthalmos?
Definition
Protruding eyes
Term
What is ptosis?
Definition
Drooping upper lid caused by cranial nerve III damage.
Term
What is entropion?
Definition
The lower lid rolls in bc of spasm of the lids of scar tissue.
Term
What is ectropion?
Definition
Lower lid is loose and rolling out, does not approximate to the eye ball. Occurs in aging.
Term
What is blephartis?
Definition
Iflammation of the eyelids.
Term
What is chalazion?
Definition
Beady nodule protruding on the lid.
Term
What is basal cell carcinoma?
Definition
Looks like a papule with an ulcerated center.
Term
What is hordeolum?
Definition
A stye. Painful, red, swollen, a pustule at the lid margin.
Term
What is dacryocystitis?
Definition
Inflammtion and blockage of the lacrimal sac.
Term
What is dacryoadenitis?
Definition
Inflammtion of the lacrimal gland.
Term
What is anisocoria?
Definition
Unequal pupil size
Term
What is monocular blindness?
Definition
No response occurs in either eye.
Term
What is miosis?
Definition
Constricted and fixed pupils in a result from pilocarpine drops
Term
What is mydriasis?
Definition
Dilated and fixed pupils. Dilatiing drops.
Term
What is argyll robertson pupils?
Definition
No reaction to light, pupil does not constrict with accommodation.
Term
What is tonic pupil?
Definition
Slugglish rxn to light. Usually unilateral
Term
What is cranial nerve 3 damage?
Definition
Unilateral dilated pupil with o rxn to light or accommodation, may have sagging eyelid and drooping eye.
Term
What is hornet's syndrome?
Definition
Unilateral, small regular pupil does react to light and accommodation. May have ptosis on same side.
Term
What is conjunctivitis?
Definition
Infection of the conjunctiva. Redness in periphery of eye. Bacterial or Viral.
Term
What is subconuctival hemorrhage?
Definition
A red patch on the sclera. Occurs from increased IOP. Sharp edges, usually not serious.
Term
What is iritis?
Definition
Deep, dull red halo around the iris and the cornea. Warrants immediate referral.
Term
What is acute glaucoma?
Definition
Circumcorneal redness around the iris w/ dilated pupil. Cornea looks steamy. Occurs w/ sudden increase in IOP. Sudden clouding of vision, pain, and halos. Emergecy treatment.
Term
What is pterygium?
Definition
A triangular, opaque wing of bulbar conjunctiva overgrows toward the center of the cornea. Usually invades from nasal side.
Term
What is corneal abrasion?
Definition
Most common result of a blunt eye injury. Very irritated but only visible with fluorescent yellow/green branching.
Term
What is hyphema?
Definition
Blood in anterior chamber is a serious result of herpes zoster infection. Occurs w/ blunt trauma.
Term
What is hypopyon?
Definition
Purulent matter in anterior chamber occurs with iritis and with inflammation in the anterior chamber.
Term
What is a nuclear cataract?
Definition
Opaque grey surrounded by a black background
Term
What is a star shaped opacity cataract?
Definition
Asymmetrical, radial white spokes with black center.
Term
What is optic atrophy?
Definition
Disc pallor
Term
What is papilladema?
Definition
Choked disc. Redness, congestition, elevation of the disk.
Term
What is excessive cup/disk ratio?
Definition
I have no idea. Increased IOP.
Term
What makes up the external ear?
Definition
External auditory canal & tympanic membrane
Term
What makes up the middle ear?
Definition
Malleus, incus, stapes and eustachian tube
Term
What makes up the inner ear?
Definition
Vestibule and semicircular canals and cochlea
Term
What is the peripheral hearing level?
Definition
Transmits sound
Term
What is the brainstem hearing level?
Definition
Locates where the sound is coming from
Term
What is the cerebral cortex hearing level?
Definition
Inteprets sound
Term
What is air conduction?
Definition
The normal pathway of hearing, most efficient.
Term
What is bone conduction?
Definition
Bones of the skull vibrate and these vibrations are transmitted directly to the inner ear and to cranial nerve 8.
Term
What is conductive hearing loss?
Definition
Involves a mechanical dysfxn of the external and middle ear
Term
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
Definition
Signifies pathology of the inner ear, cranial nerve 8, or the auditory areas of the cerebral cortex.
Term
What is the cause of sensorineural hearing loss?
Definition
Presbycusis - gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging and by ototoxic drugs.
Term
What is vertigo?
Definition
An inflamed labyrinth that causes a staggering gait, a strong spinning, whirling sensation
Term
What should be considered when doing an ear assessment on a child?
Definition
Infants have a shorter and wider eustachian tube that makes it easier for it to become infected (otitis media) and can have a build up of cerumen.
Term
What should be considered when doing an ear assessment on an adult?
Definition
Otosclerosis - common cause of conductive hearing loss. stapes becomes fixed in the oval window causing progressive deafness.
Term
What should be sonidered when doing an assessment on an aging adult?
Definition
Hearing loss and build up of cerumen
Term
What should you ask about in the health history data?
Definition
Earaches, infections, discharge, hearing loss, environmental noise, tinnitus, vertigo, self-care behaviors,
Term
What can you take away from the health history data?
Definition
Cues from the normal conversation.
Term
What additional questions should you ask infants and children?
Definition
Ear infections, hearing loss, trauma?
Term
How do you prep for a physical ear exam?
Definition
Person should be in supine position and the ear canal should be cleaned of debris.
Term
What equipment is needed for an ear exam/
Definition
Otoscope with bright light
Pneumatic bulb attachment for children/infants
Tuning forks
Term
What should you noticed of the external ear?
Definition
Size and shape, skin condition, tenderness, external auditory meatus
Term
How do you inspect with an otoscope?
Definition
Tilt head slightly away from you, pull pinna up and back (adult). Hold the otoscope how you want it.
Term
What are you looking for int he external canal with an otoscope>
Definition
Color, swelling, lesions, discharge.
Term
What are you looking for in the tympanic membrane with an otoscope?
Definition
Color and characteristics, position, integrity.
Term
How can you test for hearing acuity?
Definition
Conventional speaking, whisper voice test, tuning fork tests (unreliable)
Term
What is the weber test?
Definition
Tests for bilateral conduction. Lateralization = the side that hears it more. If present, shows conductive hearing loss in the lateralized side & sensorinueral hearing loss in ear that doesn't.
Term
What is the Rhine test?
Definition
Tests bone vs air conduction. Air is 2-3x better. Record and compare times. Conductive hearing loss = bone is better than air.
Term
What is the romberg test?
Definition
Assess the ability of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear to help maintain standing balance.
Term
How do ears and eyes relate to position in children?
Definition
Corner of eye should be within a 10 degree angle of the tip of the ear.
Term
What is otitis externa?
Definition
Swimmer's ear. Infection of the outer ear. Swimming causes it to become water logged.
Term
What is frostbite?
Definition
Reddish blue discoloration and swelling of auricle after exposure to extreme cold.
Term
What is brachial remnant/ear deformity?
Definition
A facial remnant or leftover of the embryoligic branchial arch usually appears as a skin tag. If bilateral, can be related to renal abnormalities.
Term
What is a sebaceous cyst
Definition
Behind lobule, a nodule with a central black punctum indicates blocked sebaceous gland
Term
What is darwin's tubercle?
Definition
Irregularities of the ear fold. Not a problem just weird looking.
Term
What is a tophi?
Definition
Small, whitish yellow, hard, contender nodules, in the helix or anti helix that are a sign of gout.
Term
What are chondrodermatitis nodularis helices?
Definition
Painful nodules develop on the rim of the helix as a result of repetitive mechanical pressure, environmental trauma.
Term
What is a keloid?
Definition
Overgrowth of scar tissue which invades the original site of trauma. More common in dark skinned people. Commonly happens at site of pierced ear.
Term
What is carcinoma?
Definition
Ulcerated, crusted, nodule, with indurated base that fails to heal. Cancer.
Term
What are some abnormal findings for advanced practice?
Definition
Excessive cerumen, otitis externa, osteoma (stony nodule that obsures drum), foreign body, exostosis (small bony hard rounded nodules SURFERS EAR), furuncle (infected hair follicle), polyp (redder than surrounding skin and have purulent discharge)
Term
What is a retracted drum?
Definition
Landmarks look more prominent and well defined. Light reflex is distorted or non existent.
Term
What is perforation?
Definition
Ruptured ear drum
Term
What is otitis media with effusion?
Definition
An amber yellow drum suggests serum in the middle ear that transudates to relieve neg pressure from the blocked eustachian tube.
Term
What is acute purulent otitis media?
Definition
Middle ear is infected. Redness and bulging are on top of drum, absent light reflex. Then turns fiery red.
Term
What is a scarred drum?
Definition
Dense white patches on the ear drum caused by repeated ear infections
Term
What is cholesteatoma?
Definition
An overgrowth of epidermal tissue in the middle ear or temporal bone may result ver the years because of T.M. perforation.
Term
What is blue drum?
Definition
Indicates blood in the middle ear - skull fracture.
Term
What is bullous myringitis?
Definition
Small vesicles containing blood on the drum.
Term
What is a fungal infection>
Definition
Colony of black or white dots on the drum.
Term
Where is the frontal sinus?
Definition
above the eyes
Term
Where is the ethmoid sinus?
Definition
Upper nose
Term
Where is the maxillary sinus?
Definition
Cheeks
Term
Where is the sphenoid sinus?
Definition
Further back in head, behind the eyes
Term
Where is the parotid gland?
Definition
Cheeks
Term
Where is the sublingual gland?
Definition
under tongue
Term
Where is the submandibular gland?
Definition
jaw
Term
What developmental care is important with infants and kids?
Definition
They drool, they have 20 temp teeth from 6-24 months,the nose develops during adolescence.
Term
What developmental care is important with pregnant women>?
Definition
Nasal stuffiness, epistaxis, gums are hyperemic and softened
Term
What developmental care is important with aging adults?
Definition
They have diminished smell/taste, their mouths ulcerate easily because their tissues are breaking down, they may have fake teeth or missing ones, prominent nose with hair
Term
What cultures see a high incidence of cleft lip and palate?
Definition
Asians american newborns and indians.
Term
What cultures see a high incidence of palatinus-ridge in hard palate?
Definition
Asian
Term
What cultures see a high incidence in tooth loss?
Definition
American indians.
Term
What health history ?'s should you ask during a nose assessment?
Definition
Discharge, frequent colds, sinus pain, trauma, epistaxis, allergies, altered smell?
Term
What health history ?'s should you ask during a mouth/throat assessment?
Definition
Sores lesions, sore throat, bleeding gums, toothache, hoarseness, dysphagia, altered taste, smoking, alcohol consumption, self-care behaviors
Term
What should you ask infants/children additionally in mouth/nose assessment?
Definition
Mouth infection, sore throat, tooth eruption, self care.
Term
What should you ask the aging adults in addition for nose/mouth?
Definition
Mouth dryness, tooth loss, care of teeth, taste, smell loss?
Term
How do you prepare for a nose/throat exam?
Definition
Sitting up straight at eye level
Term
What equipment do you need?
Definition
Otoscope with nasal attachment
penlight
two tongue blades
Cotton gauze pad
Gloves
long-stem light attachment for otoscope
Term
What do you look for when examining the external nose?
Definition
Symmetry, pain, break in contour, potency of nostrils,
Term
What do you look for when examining the nasal cavity?
Definition
Nasal septum for deviation, turbinates, discharge, bleeding, swelling,
Term
How do you examine the sinuses?
Definition
Palpatation of the frontal and maxillary, transillumination
Term
What do you look for when inspecting the external mouth?
Definition
Lips, teeth and gums, tongue, buccal musocas, palate and uvula.
Term
What do you look for when inspecting the throat?
Definition
Tonsil grade, use of tongue blade, posterior pharyngeal wall.
Term
What should be noted when looking at the mouth and throat of infants and children?
Definition
Let parents position, use a game, do it last in the exam. May have milla across the nose should have no nasal flaring with breathing. Black and asian kids have flat nasal bridge.sucking tubercle- pad in the middle of the upper lip from feeding. Epstein pearls on hard palate and gums are normal findings, may look like teeth.
tonsils are not visible in newborns.
Term
What is choanal atresia?
Definition
Bony membraneous septum between nasal cavity and the pharynx of the newborn
Term
What is epistaxis?
Definition
Nosebleed.
Term
What is a furuncle?
Definition
Small boil in the skin or mucous membrane appears red and swollen.
Term
What is sinusitis?
Definition
facial pain after upper respiratory infection.
Term
What is nasal polyps?
Definition
smooth, pale, grey nodules which are over growths of mucosa caused by allergic rhinitis.
Term
What is a cleft lip?
Definition
Maxillofacial clefts are the most common congenital deformities of the had and neck.
Term
What is HS1?
Definition
Cold Sore. Clear vesicles with a surrounding indurated erthematous base.
Term
What is angular chellitis?
Definition
Painful fissures at the corners of the mouth caused by excessive salivation and yeast.
Term
What is carcinoma?
Definition
Lesion is round and indurated becomes crusted and ulcerated with an elevated border.
Term
What is retention cyst?
Definition
A round well defined translucent nodule that may be very small. Pocket of mucus that forms when a duct of a salivary gland rupruters.
Term
What is baby bottle tooth decay?
Definition
Destruction of numerous teeth who take a bottle to drink to bed.
Term
What is malocclusion?
Definition
Upper or lower dental arches are not in alignment and incisors protrude from developmental problem of mandible.
Term
What is epulsis?
Definition
Nontender fibrous nodule of the gum seen emerging between the teeth
Term
What is gingival hyperplasia?
Definition
Painless enlargement of the gums
Term
What is gingivitis?
Definition
Gum margins are red and swollen and bleed easy, poor dental hygiene.
Term
What is meth mouth?
Definition
Use of meth causes cavities, gingivitis, tooth cracking etc.
Term
What is an aphthous ulcer?
Definition
A canker sore that starts as a vesicle and then becomes an ulcer that takes 1-2 weeks to heal.
Term
What are koplick's spots?
Definition
Small blue-white spots with irregular red halo. measles
Term
What is leukoplakia?
Definition
Chalky, thick, white patch on tongue. Due to chronic irritation, smoking and drinking. Precancerous.
Term
What is candisiasis?
Definition
A white cheesy curd like patch on buccal mucosa and tounge. Yeast infection
Term
Ankyloglossia?
Definition
A short lingual frenulum. Tonuge fixed to floor of mouth
Term
What is a fissured tongue?
Definition
Deep cracks on buccal surface.
Term
What is geographic tongue?
Definition
Normal coating interprescted with bright, red, shiny circular bald areas with raised pearly borders.
Term
What is smooth glossy tongue?
Definition
Surface is slick/shiny, red. Dryness of tounge.
Term
Black hairy tongue?
Definition
ANtibipotics cause black furr. Peptobismal
Term
What is tongue carcinoma?
Definition
Ulcer w/ rolled edges, indurated. Sides, base, and under tongue.
Term
What is a bifid uvula?
Definition
The uvula looks partially severed. May indicated sub mucous cleft palate.
Term
Oral Kaposi's sarcoma?
Definition
Bruiselike dark, red, violate, confluent macule usually on hard palate. AIDS
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