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Unit 4
Environmental Science
85
Science
12th Grade
03/23/2011

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Nutrient Pollution
Definition
This comes from fertilizers and other chemicals that lead to eutrophication and hypoxia in coastal marine areas.
Term
Pathogens and waterborne pollution
Definition
This is when human waste enters the water and is not adequately cleaned before it enters the water.
Term
Toxic Chemicals
Definition
When containmenents such as pesticides, petroleum products, and other synthetic chemicals enter the water, making it dangerous to the environment within and surrounding the water.
Term
Sediment
Definition
when debree from mining, clear-cutting, land clearing for development, and careless cultivation of farm fields expose the soil to erosion
Term
Thermal Pollution
Definition
When people use the water to help with cooling buildings but when sent back to the streams it is not the same temperature it was before it was taken out of the water, and the organisms are not accustomed and cannot adapt that quickly.
Term
Point-source Pollution
Definition
when water pollution is emitted from discrete locations such as factories or sewage
Term
Non Point-source Pollution
Definition
pollution comes from many different places at once, such as farms, city streets and neighborhoods
Term
Water Pollution Control Act (1972)
Definition
made it illegal to discharge pollution from a point source without a permit, set standards for industrial wastewater, and funded construction sewage treatment plants
Term
Clean Water Act (1977)
Definition
this is the same but amended version of the Water Pollution Control Act
Term
Wastewater
Definition
Water that has already been used by humans
Term
Primary Wastewater Treatment
Definition
the physical removal of containminants in settling tanks or clarifiers, generally removes 60% of suspended solids from wastewater
Term
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
Definition
water is stirred and aerated so that aerobic bacteria degrade organic pollutants.
Term
Septic Systems
Definition
A wastewater disposal method consisting of an underground tank and series of drainpipes. Wastewater runs from the house to the tank, where solids precipitate out. The water proceeds downhill to a drain field of perforated pipes laid horizontally in gravel-filled trenches, where microbes decompose the remaining waste
Term
Disinfection
Definition
when uv light is used to clean the water.
Term
Biosolids
Definition
a wet solution that is left behind when microorganisms decompose secondary sludge
Term
Municipal Solid Waste
Definition
nonliquid waste that comes from the homes, institutions, and small businesses
Term
Industrial Solid Waste
Definition
watse from production of consumer goods, mining, agriculture, and petroleum extraction and refining.
Term
Hazardous Waste
Definition
solid or liquid watse that is toxic, chemically reactive, flammable, or corrosive
Term
waste management
Definition
minimizes amount of waste generated, recover waste materials and find ways to recycle, and dispose of waste safely
Term
waste stream
Definition
the flow of waste as it moves from its sources toward disposal destinations
Term
Sanitary Landfills
Definition
where waste is buried in the ground or piled up in large, carefully engineered mounds.
Term
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Definition
the EPA created this.
enacted: 1976
amended: 1984
this is a law that puts regulations and requirements on landfills
Term
Lechate
Definition
liquid that results when substances from trash dissolve in water as rainwater trickles down
Term
Incineration
Definition
(aka combustion) a ctrlled process in which mixed garbage is burned at very high temp. this also creates dioxin and other highly toxic chemicals.
Term
Waste-to-energy (WTE)
Definition
facilities that convert the heat produce from waste combustion to boil water, creating steam to fuel a heating system
Term
Source Reduction
Definition
prevents waste generation
Term
Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs)
Definition
workers and machines sort items, using automated process including magnetic pulleys, optical sensors, water currents, and air classifiers that separate items by weight and size
Term
Industrial Ecology
Definition
a holistic approach that integrates principles from engineering, chemistry, ecology, and ecomics
seeks to redesign industrial systems to reduce resource inputs and to minimize physical inefficiency while maximizing economic efficiency
Term
Life-cycle Analysis
Definition
track a life of a product, from its origins of raw materials, through manufacturing, to its use, and its disposal and look for other efficient ecological ways to produce it.
Term

Electronic waste (e-waste)

 

Definition
waste that is electronic devices (i.e. phones, computers, tv, etc.)
Term
Surface impoundments
Definition
a smaller version of sanitary landfills that stores hazardous waste
Term
Deep-well injection
Definition
when a facility drills deep beneath the water tables and put the waste there.
Term

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liabilities Act

(CERCLA)

Definition
est. a fed. program to clean up US sites polluted with hazardous waste from past activities
Term
Superfund
Definition
the program that does all the clean up work
Term
Love Canal
Definition
a neighborhood in Niagra Falls, NY that had to be evacuated b/c a company had buried toxic chemicals which rose to the surface over the years.
Term
Toxicology
Definition
science that examines the effects of poisonous substances on humans and other organisms
Term
Synthetic Chemicals
Definition
chemicals that are man made to improve the growth of an organism.
Term
Silent Spring
Definition
Rachel Carson talks about how DDT is actually bad for ppl to have so much contact with it.
Term
Carcinogens
Definition
chemicals that cause cancer
Term
Mutagens
Definition
chemicals that cause mutations in the DNA
Term
Teratogens
Definition
chemicals that affect the development of embryos
Term
allergens
Definition
chemicals that overactivate the immune system, making it harder to fight off sicknesses when necessary.
Term
Neurotoxins
Definition
chemicals the attack the nervous system
Term
Endocrine Disruptors
Definition
chemicals that mess with the hormone system
Term
Bisphenol A
Definition
a chemical that is mostly found within plastics
Term
PCBs
Definition
a chemical that is damaging to the human body
Term
Bioaccumulation
Definition
when toxicants build up together in an animals tissues
Term
ANWR
Definition
Artic national wildlife refuge
A place where it has lots of sources but it was put as a refuge to hold off on using its sources until actually necessary. Ppl have been debating on it for years now.
Term
Fossil fuels
Definition
Nonrenewable sources that humans use to help power machines and keep us warm
Term
Electricity
Definition
This is powered by nonrenewable sources and helps maintain our daily lives.
Term
Aerobic or anaerobic
Definition
Aerobic: its alive and moves around
Anaerobic: can be either alive of not but is not able to move anywhere
Term
Net energy
Definition
Energy returned - energy invested
Term
EROI
Definition
Energy returned/ energy invested
Term
Coal
Definition
It is formed from being tightly compact for so many years and is made completely from carbon from decomposed matter
Term
Subsurface mining
Definition
When a system of tunnels is created beneath the ground in order to obtain coal
Term
Strip mining
Definition
When a company tears off layer of soil away in order to reach coal
Term
Mountaintop removal
Definition
When ppl remove the tops of mountains to get access to coal
Term
Natural gas
Definition
A nonrenewable sources that we mainly use for heat and cooking
Term
Crude oil
Definition
Formed by hundreds of differ hydrocarbon molecules
Term
Primary extraction
Definition
The initial drilling and extraction of crude oil
Term
Secondary extraction
Definition
Solvents are used or underground rocks are flushed with water or steam to extract the remaining oil.
Term
"Peak oil"
Definition
A hypothesis that soon oil would reach a peak and would soon be hard to find.
Term
Oil sands (tar sands)
Definition
Deposits of moist sand and clay containing 1-20% bitumen, a thick and heavy form of petroleum that is rich in carbon and poor in hydrogen
Term
Oil shale
Definition
A sedimentary rock filled with kerogen and can be processed to produce liquid petroleum
Term
Methane hydrate
Definition
Consist of molecules of methane with a crystal lattice of water ice molecules
Term
Acid drainage
Definition
When toxins mix with the water and evaporate into the atmosphere and the rain comes down as acid
Term
Energy conservation
Definition
finding new sources to help us use less of the nonrenewable sources and to find a way to use less of it.
Term
Nuclear power
Definition
Energy that holds together protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom
Term
Nuclear fission
Definition
The splitting apart of an atomic nuclei
Term
Three Mile Island
Definition
When the nuclear power plant had a meltdown
Term
Nuclear meltdown
Definition
When coolant water drains from the reactor vessel, temperatures rise inside the reactor core and metal surrounding the uranium fuel rods melt, releasing radiation
Term
Chernobyl
Definition
A nuclear power plant exploded
Term
Yucca mountain
Definition
Place where the ppl are deciding to whether or not put waste from nuclear plants under it because its no where near a place when it affects the environment of humans and other exsisting organisms
Term
Biomass energy
Definition
The of firewood to get energy
Term
Biofuels
Definition
These a fuels that can be used to fuel machinery such ethanol for cars.
Term
Hydroelectric power
Definition
This comes from when the ppl build some type of dam across a river.
Term
"New" renewable energy sources
Definition
These are sources that have been aroind for years but haven't been used to the fullest extent
Term
Active solar energy
Definition
When solar panels are used to follow the sun to capture the energy and use it for electricity
Term
Passive solar energy
Definition
When buildings are created in certain ways that allow the building to get as much sun light for heat as possible
Term
Wind energy
Definition
Using wind turbines to generate electricity
Term
NIMBY
Definition
Not in my backyard. A syndrome of some sorts where ppl in inner city don't want the wind mills bc they are ugly
Term
Geothermal energy
Definition
Energy that is obtained through facilities that send water down to the water table so it can boil back up steam since it is so close to the earth's core.
Term
Ocean energy sources
Definition
Tidal, wave, OTEC. these are all ways of obtaining some type of energy from the ocean's movement and temperature
Term
OTEC
Definition
Ocean thermal energy
Using the oceans heat to gain electricity
Term
Hydrogen fuel
Definition
Use hydrogen cells and it formation of the electrical bond with another element. The electricity created from the bond is used to power whatever technologies necessary
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