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Unit 3
Test
88
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/07/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Selective Attention
Definition
The focusing of conscious awarness on a stimuli
Term
Inattentional Blindness
Definition
Failing to see visible objects when attention is directed else where. ex Gorilla Study
Term
Change Blindness
Definition
Don't notice change after visul interruption. ex- changing picture
Term
Implications of inattentional blindness and change blindness on ability for multi-task.
Definition
dimineshes our ability to take in all info around us. ex- texting while driving.
Term
Parallel Processing
Definition

Auto-pilot keeps us from thinking and doing everything at once

ex. being able to ride a bike and still think about other things

 

Term
Automaticity
Definition
Things we don't notice consciously influence our behavior.
perform well-learned task automatically
Term
Circadium rhythm
Definition
Mental and physical changes occuring throughout the day.
Term
Role of light in Cirdadian rhythm
Definition
regulates melatonin production. Also influenced by external time cues. ex-alarm clock.
Term
Sleep stage- Awake
Definition
Alpha and Beta Waves
Term
Stage 1 of sleep
Definition
Last 10 min
theta waves
transitional
often maintain awarness- wouldn't know you feel asleep
hynoginic sensations
Term
Stage 2 of Sleep
Definition
Last 15 minutes
Sleep spindles appear on EEG
theta activity
still awakened easily
sleep talking
Term
Stage 3 of Sleep
Definition
Few minutes
Delta Transition
Difficult to awaken
Sleepwalking and bedwetting
Term
Stage 4 of Sleep
Definition
30 min
Delta waves
difficult to awaken
sleep walking and bedwetting
Term
REM Sleep
Definition
10 minutes
beta waves
paradoxial sleep
dreaming
preserves neural pathways.
Term
Which Stage of sleep are delta waves observed on the EEG? Which stage do Sleep Spindles appear?
Definition
Delta trasition occurs in Stage 3 and Delta waves are in stage 4.
Sleep Spindles are in Stage 2
Term
During which stage does Sleep Walking occur?
Definition
Stages 3 and 4
Term
Reasons why we need sleep
Definition
protects
helps us recuperate
helps memory and growth processes
Term
Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Definition
Cognitive ability is impaired
Immune system, body temp, and weight lowers
Term
Insomnia
Definition
difficulty sleeping
wake up frequently or too early
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
sleep attacks
may go directly to REM sleep
hynosis (halluciations/vivid dreams)
1 in 2,000 ppl
Term
Sleep Apnea
Definition
Quit breathing while asleep
CNS stops working and throat closes
wake up in 1 1/2 minutes
wake up as many as 500 times
Term
Sleep Walking/Night Terrors
Definition
Sleep deprived
common in kids
hereditary
Term
Why we dream
Definition
info processing
sift and sort things we encounter through day, consolidating memory
Physiological function
REM sleep preserves neural pathways
Activation Synthesis
Makes sense of random neural activites
Wishful Fullfillment
Dreams reflect unconscious drives
Term
Taking Test don't feel prepared
Freuds view vs. others
Definition
Don't meet parents expectations, feel guilty, or sexual misconduct
Others opnion- general feeling of uncertainty
Term
Dreams of Nakedness
Freuds theory vs. others
Definition
Freud- wish to return to childhood
others- anxiety and vulnerability
Term
Lossing Teeth Dream
Freud's theory vs. others
Definition
Freud-Castration Anxiety -> men 3x more likely
Others- fear of old age, physical/emotional injury, loss of power
Term
Learning
Definition
the relatively permenant change in someones behavior in a given situation brought about by his/her repeated experiences in that situation
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Process of learning associations
naturally make connection amoung 2 things in sequence
helps us predict/change our immediate future
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
A process of behavior modification in which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement each time the behavior is exhibited
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Learning by observing others
Term
Unconditions stimulus
Definition
stimulus that unconditionaly/natirally triggers a response (unlearned)
Term
Unconditioned response
Definition
unlearned naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
learned response to a previously neutral stimuls that comes to trigger a conditional response
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Term
Acquisition
Definition
Phase when learning occurs
CS should proceed the UCS about 1/2 second
Term
Extinction
Definition
Diminishing of a CR usually because the CS no longer signals an UCS
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
Reappearence after a rest period, of an extinguised CR
Term
Generalization
Definition
Tendency to respond to stimulus similar to the CS
Term
Discrimination
Definition
ability to distinguish between a CS and other irrelevant stimuli
Term
Thorndike's Law of Effect
Definition
Not all Learning can be explained by Classical Conditioning
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Term
Positive and Negative Reinforcers
Definition
Positive-addition of a desired stimulus
Negative- Subtraction of an aversive stimulus.
Term
Positive and Negative Punishments
Definition
Positive- addition of an aversive stimulus
Negative- Subtraction of a desirable stimulus
Term
Reinforcement Schedule
Definition
A rule stating which instances of behavior, if any, will be reinforced
Term
Continuous reinforcment
Definition
Reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs
Good for rapid learning but not long term
Term
Partial Reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcing a response only part of the time
Builds behavior slowly
More resistant to extinction
Term
Ratio Reinforcement
Definition
based on the Number of behaviors required
Term
Interval-reinforcement
Definition
based on passage of time
Term
Fixed reinforcement
Definition
The requirements for a reinforcer are always the same
Term
Variable Reinforcement
Definition
Requirements for reinforcer change randomly.
Term
Fixed ration reinforcer
Definition
a fixed number of responses is always required for reinforcement
responding is high
Term
Fixed ratio reinforcer
Definition
a fixed number of responses is always required for reinforcement
responding is high
Term
Fixed Interval Reinforcement
Definition
Passage of a specified amount of time is always required for a reinforcement
responding low
Term
Variable Ratio Reinforcer
Definition
number of responses required for reinforcer varies randomly from 1 reinforcement to the next.
Response-high
Term
Variable Interval Reinforcer
Definition
Amont of time required before reinforcement occurs
responding low
Term
Neural Basis for learning by observation
Definition
Mirror Neurons which is the neurological basis for learning
discovered in monkeys
see someone else do it so they do it
Term
Bobo Doll experiments
Definition
Conducted by Albert Bandura
Showed that we learn by observing
Kids shown videos of adults using violence towards bobo dolls and kids follwed pursuit
Term
How much tv will people have watched by the time the reache 70 years of age?
Definition
9 years worth
Term
Does media/tv aggresion make people violent?
Definition
Correlation-yes
Experimental-Maybe->short term increase for some.
But requires other factors for causation
Term
Events for which you would have Flashbulb Memories
Definition
Where you were when you found out about 9/11.
Term
Atkinson and Shiffrins 3-stage model of memory
Definition
event stimuli- sensory memory- short/long term memory.
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Fleeting, can hold about 12 pieces of info
Term
Short term memory
Definition
Lasts 2-3 minutes, working memory, last as long as you're attention
allows integration of info puts single into whole
Term
Long term memory
Definition
Lasts indefinately, we can literally hold billions of info
Term
What was added/changed in the revised A-S model?
Definition
Unconscious precess, encoding, and retriving
Term
Automatic Processing
Definition
unconscious processing od incidents, well rehearsed info-difficult to turn off.
can be learned ex driving, writing, reading music
Term
Effortful Processing
Definition
requires conscious effort.
requires more time for encoding to occur
Term
Serial Position Effect
Definition
States that we remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.
Short term remember 1st things on the list
reoccuring- recall last things listed.
Term
Examples of Mnemonic devices
Definition
Visual images for words
Verses- poems or acronyms
Term
Iconic memory
Definition
only last a few tenths of second
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
Term
Echonic memory
Definition
Lasts 3-4 seconds
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is else where sounds and words can still be recalled withing 3-4 seconds
Term
The Magical Number Sever +/- 2.
Definition
Short term memory is limited not only in duration bust also in capacity, typically storing about 7 bits of info +/- 2. Found by george Miller ex phone numbers
Term
Hippocampus in memory
Definition
stores explicit memories of names, images, and events
involved in the complex processes of forming, sorting, and storing memories.
Term
Amygdala in memory
Definition
Boosts activity in memory forming areas
ex. Stress excitment and flashbulb memories
Term
Implicit Memories
Definition
Prochedural
procedures and skill aquisition
Retention independent of conscious recollection
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
Declarative
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
Term
Retrival Cues
Definition
Recall, Recognition, Relearning, Priming
Term
Recall
Definition
Must retrieve info learned earlier
ex fill in the blank
Term
Recognition
Definition
Must only identify items prciouslt learned
ex. multiple choice
Term
Relearning
Definition
Amount of time saved when learning material a second time
Term
Priming
Definition
Based on experience
activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory
seeing/hearing
Term
Deja vu
Definition
Current situation has multitude of cues similar to earlier experience
Term
State-Dependent Memory
Definition
Current state serves as retrieval cue
Internal Factors
Better tested in room you initially learned info
Term
Mood Congruent Memory
Definition
Emotions of mood serve as retrieval cues
Current mood helps recall of mood congruent material
Term
Ebbihghaus's Forgetting Curve
Definition
Curve over 30 days
Intitially rapid, than levels out with time
Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition
New learning disrupts recall
ex.lock combo
Term
Proactive Interference
Definition
Forward acting
Prior Knowledge dirupts recall
ex. Trying to drive stick in an auto
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
Unable to recall events that occurred before the onset
ex. might remember what a piano is but no longer know how to play it
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
Unable to recall events that occurred after the onset.
can't form new explicit memories
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