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Unit 2: Sociology and the human being
The two big questions and influences on human identity
101
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
12/09/2010

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Term
Socialization
Definition
A process by which an individual learns to get along in their society
Term
Primary socialization
Definition
The sort of socialization that everybody gets
Term
Secondary socialization
Definition
The more specific kind of socialization (for example, medical school)
Term
Self concept
Definition
The self is a unique combination of traits, behavior, and values
Term
Mirrored self
Definition
According to C. H Coolie, we see ourselves as others see us.
Term
The "I"
Definition
The unsocialized, selfish, response driven part of G. H. Mead's concept of the person. He "plays."
Term
The "Me"
Definition
The socialized, mature part of G. H. Mead's concept of the person. He "games"
Term
Playing
Definition
Running around, not caring how others perceive you. Is not intelligible to others. Part of the "I"
Term
Gaming
Definition
Play that is intelligible to others. Has commonly understood rules. Part of the "Me"
Term
Status
Definition
A named position in a hierarchy
Term
Role
Definition
Expectations for a certain status
Term
Role conflict
Definition
When different roles interfere with each other
Term
Group
Definition
Individuals who interact on a regular basis
Term
Family
Definition
A group of people linked together by kinship, the adults of which care for the children
Term
Kinship
Definition
A connection you have through marriage or line of descent
Term
Marriage
Definition
A SOCIALLY RECOGNIZED sexual union
Term
Family of orientation
Definition
The family one is born into
Term
Family of procreation
Definition
The family you make with your spouse
Term
The marriage market
Definition
-Operates with the concept of consumerism
-Says that while we are single, we are constantly looking for a spouse
-In this country, we have an informal one.
Term
Equity
Definition
Marriage partners need to feel like they're contributing comparable assets to the relationship
Term
Homogamy
Definition
The tendency we all have to marry someone who is like us in terms of social demographics
Term
Collins' definition of "family"
Definition
-a set of debts you owe people
-a set of property
Term
Property
Definition
Something you have legal access to
Term
Collins' three sorts of property
Definition
Generational, Household, and Erotic
Term
Generational property
Definition
Parents and children
Term
Household property
Definition
The material things that you own
Term
Erotic property
Definition
Sexual access (usually between spouses)
Term
Durkheim's definition of "religion"
Definition
A set of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things that unite believers into a single moral community called a church.
Term
The two realms of religion
Definition
The sacred and the profane
Term
Sacred
Definition
Things that inspire awe; things set apart and forbidden
Term
Profane
Definition
Ordinary. Not Sacred.
Term
Simple supernaturalism
Definition
No distinction between the spiritual and the physical world
Term
Animism
Definition
Spirits live in the natural world and have influence over our lives
Term
Theism
Definition
God or the gods are separate from the physical world. Can be polytheism or monotheism
Term
Abstract ideals
Definition
An ethical system devoid of any deity
Term
Civil religion
Definition
Something non-religious that still provides the things that religion provides (society, explanations, etc) for its followers
Term
"Sheilaism"
Definition
The worship of the self in Western cultures in which "choice" is untrumpable
Term
Robert Bellah
Definition
The man who devised Sheilaism and says that we have found other ways to meet the needs that religion once met.
Term
Ernst Troelsch
Definition
The man who said that a religious group can range from a church to a sect.
Term
Church
Definition
A religious group that is well-integrated into society and cooperates with other agencies
Term
Sect
Definition
A religious group that sees themselves as separate from the rest of society
Term
Cult
Definition
A new religious group. Some of these end up on the church-sect continuum.
Term
Secularization
Definition
The world moves more and more out of religious control. People are allowed to live outside of the church's teachings if they so choose
Term
Fundamentalism
Definition
The reaction against secularization. A proclamation of re-claimed authority by a religious tradition over society
Term
State
Definition
A compulsory political association with continuous organization whose administrative staff successfully claims the monopoly of violence in the enforcement of its orders
Term
Sovereignty
Definition
A state is supreme within its boarders. Only the state can say that it is wrong.
Term
Nationalism
Definition
An imagined community for which the members fight, die and kill for.
Term
Citizenship
Definition
Grants people more rights than simply being a subject of the state. They have rights, entitlements, and a say in the affairs of the state.
Term
T H Marshall's progression for rights
Definition
Civil, Political, Social
Term
Power
Definition
The ability to carry out your will over others
Term
Elitist model of power
Definition
Power is narrowly distributed. Small groups have disproportionate power.
Term
Pluralist model of power
Definition
Power is very widely distributed. Some people may have a little more than others.
Term
Collective behavior approach
Definition
In a social movement, directs the emotion and gets everyone involved.
Term
Resource mobilization approach
Definition
In a social movement, deals with the "nuts and bolts" issues.
Term
What three things are needed for a successful social movement?
Definition
A grievance, a sense of empowerment, and a crisis moment
Term
Grievance
Definition
Some sort of long-standing inequality
Term
Sense of empowerment
Definition
Believing that your social movement can be successful
Term
Crisis moment
Definition
Some sort of event that can act as a call to action. Ex: when Rosa Parks got kicked off of the bus for not giving her seat up to a white man. Uses social networks.
Term
The two questions about the different understandings of the human person
Definition
1) What is the nature of the human animal?
2) Under what conditions might that animal thrive?
Term
Solidarity
Definition
The capacity for collective action (social glue)
Term
Mechanical Solidarity
Definition
Capacity for collective action flows from how similar we are.
Term
Organic Solidarity
Definition
Based on what we don't have in common. Has a division of labor and specialization.
Term
Durkheim's moral education
Definition
The deepest moral truths within you are not really yours.
Term
Durkheim's views on suicide
Definition
It is a function of social integration
Term
Egoistic suicide
Definition
When someone lacks the social networks to get through a tough time.
Term
Altruistic suicide
Definition
When someone kills them self for the good of others
Term
Durkheim's view on the nature of man
Definition
We are social beings
Term
How would the human animal thrive in Durkheim's opinion?
Definition
In the right balance of social order and individual freedom
Term
Cultural universal
Definition
Something hold the same meaning to everyone everywhere (incest taboo, kissing, dance, trade)
Term
Homans' propositions end in?
Definition
Distributive justice (Everyone is happy with the exchange)
Term
Homans' 1st proposition: the success proposition
Definition
You are more likely to engage in an action if there is reasonable expectation of reward.
Term
Homans' 2nd proposition: the stimulus proposition
Definition
We learn to recognize a certain pattern of circumstances and act accordingly.
Term
Homans' 3rd proposition: the value proposition
Definition
The more you want the reward, the more likely you are to engage in the action. A=p(V)
Term
A=p(V)
Definition
Action = the probability of getting the reward * the value of the reward.
Term
Homans' 4th proposition: the deprivation-satiation proposition
Definition
Based on the law of diminishing returns. If you are deprived, you want it more. If you have plenty, you don't want it so much.
Term
Homans' 5th proposition: the aggression-approval proposition
Definition
When the reward you thought you would get is not forthcoming, you turn something else into a reward
Term
Homans' view on the nature of the human animal
Definition
Everything is based on exchange
Term
How would the human animal thrive in Homans' opinion?
Definition
When we have lots of exchange networks
Term
Marx's view on the nature of the human animal
Definition
We are laborers
Term
How would the human animal thrive in Marx's opinion?
Definition
When we have what we need and find our work fulfilling
Term
Bourgeoisie
Definition
The people who own the means of production
Term
Proletariat
Definition
The people who own only their own labor, which they sell for a basic wage.
Term
Rational choice school of thought
Definition
People's values being what they are, people will act rationally- that is, they will seek to maximize gain and minimize cost.
Term
Components of Parson's voluntaristic theory of action
Definition
The goals, the means, and the actor
Term
Norms
Definition
Socially acceptable means
Term
Values
Definition
Ways the world should be
Term
Conformity
Definition
Accepting both the goals and the means
Term
Innovation
Definition
Accepting the goals but rejecting the means
Term
Ritualism
Definition
Rejecting the goals but accepting the means
Term
Retreatism
Definition
Rejecting both the the goals and the means
Term
What does Smith mean when he says that we are moral?
Definition
We do not always act morally, but instead we use the language of right and wrong to describe our actions
Term
Moral relativity
Definition
Everything is relative
Term
Relative morality
Definition
There is a definite set of morals for each institution.
Term
Narratives
Definition
Ideas of where right and wrong come from in story form
Term
Interpretation
Definition
Human social interactions require interpretation because they are symbolic... the same act can mean different things in different contexts or with different actors
Term
Fly on the wall
Definition
A basic description of what is going on
Term
Psychological level of interpretation
Definition
What the actors think they are doing.
Term
Social level of interpretation
Definition
Deepest level of understanding. How do structures and organization treat this event?
Term
Dramaturgical school (Goffman)
Definition
Says that all the world is a stage and we are merely players
Term
Frontstage/backstage
Definition
Front stage is what you want your audience to see but back stage is the part you don't want them to see because that could destroy the image you are trying to create
Term
Props
Definition
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