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Unit 2
Mods 1-6
101
Psychology
11th Grade
09/30/2009

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Term
Empiricism
Definition
The view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses and science flourishes through observation and experiment.
Term
Structuralism
Definition
An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
Term
Functionalism
Definition
A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function, how the enable the organism to adapt, sruvive, and floruish
Term
Psychology
Definition
The science of behavior and mental processes
Term
Nature vs. Nurture Issue
Definition
The long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
Term
Basic Research
Definition
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Term
Applied Research
Definition
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
Term
Clinical Psychology
Definition
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
Term
Psychiatry
Definition
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders. Practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy.
Term
SQ3R
Definition
A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, questions, read, rehearse, review.
Term
Hindsight Bias
Definition
The tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have forseen it.
Term
Critical Thinking
Definition
Thinking that does not blindly accept arugments and conclusions. Rather it examines assumptions, descerns, hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Term
Theory
Definition
And explanation using an intergrated set of principles that organizes and predicts evidence.
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Term
Operational Definition
Definition
A statement of the procedures used to define research variables.
Term
Replication
Definition
Repeating teh essence of a research study, usually with different participants in a different situation.
Term
Case Study
Definition
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
Term
Survey
Definition
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people. usually by questioning a representative sample.
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.
Term
Correlation Coefficient
Definition
A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together & thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
Term
Illusory Correlation
Definition
The perception of a relationship where none exists.
Term
Experiment
Definition
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.
Term
Placebo
Definition
An inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent such as a drug to see if it triggers effects believed to characterize the active agent.
Term
Double-Blind Procedure
Definition
An experimental procedure in which both the participants and staff are ignorant.
Term
Experimental Condition
Definition
The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to the independent variable.
Term
Control Condition
Definition
The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluation.
Term
Random Assignment
Definition
Assigning participants to experimental & control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.
Term
Independant Variable
Definition
The experimental factor that is manipulated.
Term
Dependant Variable
Definition
The experimental factor- in psychology, the behavior or mental process that is being measured.
Term
Culture
Definition
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, & traditions shared by a large group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next.
Term
Biological Psychology
Definition
A branch of psychology concerned with the link between biology and behavior.
Term
Neuron
Definition
A cell nerve; the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
Term
Dendrite
Definition
The bushy, branching, extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
Term
Axon
Definition
The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
Term
Action Potential
Definition
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
Term
Threshold
Definition
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
Term
Synapse
Definition
The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gay at this junction is called the synaptic gap or the cleft.
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
Term
Endorphins
Definition
"Morphine within" - natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
Term
Nervous System
Definition
The body's speedy, electrochemical communication system consisting of all the never cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
The brain and spinal cord.
Term
Nerves
Definition
Neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect with the central nervous system with muscles glands, and sense organs.
Term
Sensory Neurons
Definition
Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.
Term
Interneurons
Definition
Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
Term
Motor Neurons
Definition
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles.
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart).
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.
Term
Reflex
Definition
A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
The body's slow chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Term
Hormones
Definition
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.
Term
Adrenal Glands
Definition
A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline, which help to arouse the body in times of stress.
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
The endocrines system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls the other endocrine glands.
Term
Brain Stem
Definition
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull, the brain stem is responsible for automatic survival functions
Term
Medulla
Definition
The base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
A nerve network in the brain stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
The brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brain stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brain stem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance.
Term
Limbic System
Definition
A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus.
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.
Term
Frontal Lobes
Definition
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
Term
Parietal Lobes
Definition
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex.
Term
Occipital Lobes
Definition
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field.
Term
Temperal Lobes
Definition
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.
Term
Motor Cortex
Definition
And area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
Term
Sensory Cortex
Definition
The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations.
Term
Association Areas
Definition
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
Term
Aphasia
Definition
Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernike's area.
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
Controls Language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
Term
Wernike's Area
Definition
Controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually found in the left temporal lobe.
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
The large band of neural fibers connection the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
Term
Split Brain
Definition
A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them.
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
Thread like structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
Term
DNA
Definition
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Term
Genes
Definition
The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
The principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Term
Mutation
Definition
A random error in gene replication that leads to a genetic change.
Term
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Term
Gender
Definition
In psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male or female.
Term
Behavior Genetics
Definition
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Term
Environment
Definition
Every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.
Term
Identical Twins
Definition
Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits off into two, creating 2 genetically identical organisms.
Term
Fraternal Twins
Definition
Twins who develop from separate eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters but share a fetal environment.
Term
Temperament
Definition
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
Term
Interaction
Definition
The effect of one factor, depends on another factor.
Term
Culture
Definition
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitter from one generation to the next.
Term
Norm
Definition
An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.
Term
Personal Space
Definition
The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.
Term
X Chromosome
Definition
The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have 2 X chromosomes, males have 1. And X chromosome from each parent produces a child.
Term
Y Chromosome
Definition
The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X sex chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the males sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
Term
Role
Definition
Set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in teh position ought to behave.
Term
Gender Role
Definition
A set of expected behaviors for males and for females.
Term
Gender Identity
Definition
One's sense of being male or female.
Term
Gender Typing
Definition
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitation and by being rewarded or punished.
Term
Gender Schema Theory
Definition
The theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly.
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