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Unit 1. Intro
AP Psch Unit 1 intro vocab
37
Psychology
11th Grade
06/05/2012

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Cards

Term
Case study
Definition
an observation techniquie in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. P. 26
Term
Confounding variables
Definition
variables that the researcher fail to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment.
This may cause the researcher to analyze the results incorrectly.
Term
Control condition (ID examples)
Definition
a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment
Term
Correlation (& be able to identify positive and negative correlations)
Definition
a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. P. 30
Term
Correlation coefficients (know direction and strength as well!)
Definition
The mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1. P. 30
Term
Dependent variable (ID examples)
Definition
the outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. P 38.
Term
Double blind procedure
Definition
When both the sesearch participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participant have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. P 37.
Term
Ethical standards
Definition
Principles that when followed, promote values such as trust, good behavior, fairness, and/or kindness
Term
Expectancy bias
Definition
a form of reactivity, in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment. It is a significant threat to a study's internal validity, and is therefore typically controlled using a double-blind experimental design.
Term
Experimental condition (ID examples)
Definition
the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. P 37.
Term
Experimental research
Definition
An attempt by the researcher to maintain control over all factors that may affect the result of an experiment. In doing this, the researcher attempts to determine or predict what may occur.
Term
False consensus effect
Definition
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
Term
Hindsight bias
Definition
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I knew it all along phenomenon.). South Park Episode Captain Hindsight. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyb1KYiFkBM
Term
Illusory correlation
Definition
the perception of a relationship where none exits
Term
Independent variable (ID examples)
Definition
the experimental factor that is manipulated, the variable whose effect is being studies. P. 38.
Term
Mean
Definition
the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. P 41.
Term
Median
Definition
the diddle score in a distribution, half the scores are above it and half are below it. P. 41
Term
Mode
Definition
the most frequently occurring score in a distribution. P 41.
Term
Naturalistic observation
Definition
observating and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. P 29.
Term
Normal distribution & bell curve
Definition
the symmetrical shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. P. 447.
Term
Overconfidence
Definition
The tendency to be more sure of one's self than correct. To overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments. P 403.
Term
Placebo effect
Definition
effect experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent. P 37.
Term
Population
Definition
all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. (except for natural studies this does not refer to a nation's population.) p. 28.
Term
Random assignment
Definition
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. P. 37.
Term
Random sampling
Definition
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. P. 28
Term
Replication
Definition
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. P. 25.
Term
Representative sample
Definition
A subset of a statistical population that accurately reflects the members of the entire population. A representative sample should be an unbiased indication of what the population is like. In a classroom of 30 students in which half the students are male and half are female, a representative sample might include six students: three males and three females.
Term
Scatterplot
Definition
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation). p. 31.
Term
Scientific attitude
Definition
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.
Term
Scientific method
Definition
procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
Term
Single blind procedure
Definition
A testing procedure in which the administrators do not tell the subjects if they are being given a test treatment or a control treatment in order to avoid bias in the results.
Term
Social desirability bias
Definition
the tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. It can take the form of over-reporting good behavior or under-reporting bad behavior. The tendency poses a serious problem with conducting research with self-reports, especially questionnaires. This bias interferes with the interpretation of interpreting average tendencies as well as individual differences.
Term
Standard deviation
Definition
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. P. 42.
Term
Surveys
Definition
a technique for asceraining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. P. 27.
Term
Variance
Definition
a measure of how far a set of numbers is spread out. It is one of several descriptors of a probability distribution, describing how far the numbers lie from the mean (expected value).
Term
Wording effect
Definition
the effect that the precise wording of a question or statement makes upon the response it generates when presented to a given person or group of people. This effect can be quite considerable in emotionally charged situations and with regards to controversial and emotion-laden topics
Term
Z scores
Definition
A measure of the distance in standard deviations of a sample from the mean.
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