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Unit 16 - Breast and Ball Cancer Screening
Test 4
41
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
04/18/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the breasts?
Definition
Female breasts are accessory reproductive organs whose function is to produce milk for nourishing newborn
Breast have extensive lymphatic drainage
Term
Where can you go for info on breast cancer?
Definition
ACA
NCI
CRNO
Term
What are the HHQ you ask when performing a beast exam?
Definition
Pain
Lump
Discharge
Rash
Swelling
Trauma
History of breast disease
Surgery
Self-care behaviors
Breast self-examination
Last mammogram
Tenderness, lump, or swelling
Rash
Term
What is mastalgia?
Definition
Pain
Term
What is galactorrhea?
Definition
Discharge
Term
What is the Paget's rash?
Definition
starts with crust on nipple and spreads to areola (form of breast cancer)
Term
What are the preadolescent developmental variations?
Definition
Gradual enlargement, possible asymmetry
Term
What are the pregnant women developmental variations?
Definition
Enlargement, nodular, nipple change, venous pattern
Term
What are the aging woman's developmental variations?
Definition
Reduction in size and elasticity, inner structures more prominent
Term
What is the male breast?
Definition
Rudimentary structure consisting of a thin disk of undeveloped tissue underlying nipple
Areola well developed, although nipple is small
Term
What is gynecomastia?
Definition
during adolescence, it is common for breast tissue to temporarily enlarge
Term
When does breast development begin?
Definition
Beginning of breast development PRECEDES menarche (usually around age 12)
Because of hormonal changes in nonpregnant woman, breast nodularity changes with menstrual cycle-nodularity increases midcycle up to menstruation-breasts feel tight, heavy 3-4 days prior.
Term
What are the breast cancer risk factors that cannot be changed?
Definition
Gender/Aging (>50 yrs)
Genetic risk (BRCA 1&2)
Family history of breast cancer (1st degree)
Personal history of breast cancer
Race
Early menarche/late menopause
Radiation to the chest
Breast Density
Atypical hyperplasia by biopsy
Term
What are the lifestyle related risks of breast cancer?
Definition
Nulliparity or 1st child after 30 years old
Recent oral contraceptives
Never breastfed a child
Recent/long term use of hormones
Alcohol > 1 drink/day
Obesity/high fat diet
Physical inactivity
Term
What race has a higher incidence of breast cancer?
Definition
Caucasian women
Term
What race has a higher incidence of life threatening/deadly cancer
Definition
African American: lower incidence/higher death rate
Term
Who is at a lowered risk for breast cancer?
Definition
Asian, Hispanic, and American Indian women have a lower incidence and death rate for breast cancer
Term
What is the gross anatomy of the breast?
Definition
-Pectoris major muscle
-Axillary tail of Spence
-Serratus anterior muscle
-Montgomery's Glands
-Nipple
-Areola
Term
What is the internal anatomy of the breast?
Definition
Glandular tissue
Fibrous tissue including suspensory ligaments
Adipose tissue
Glandular tissue contains 15 to 20 lobes radiating from nipple, and these are composed of lobules
Breast may be divided into four quadrants by imaginary horizontal and vertical lines intersecting at nipple
Term
What are the 5 commandments of breast health?
Definition
Perform a self-breast exam routinely
Have a clinical breast exam yearly
If warning signs appear, see your doctor immediately
Talk with your doctor about ways to reduce your risk
Set a schedule of yearly, regular, mammograms
Term
What is the early detection triad?
Definition
A mammogram needs to be coupled with a yearly clinical breast exam and a monthly breast self-exam
A clinical exam may find changes in the breast that would require additional evaluation with other screening tests such as ultrasound or dedicated breast
Term
When should you do a breast exam?
Definition
3-5 days after period starts
Term
What hand examines what breast?
Definition
Right hand examines Left breast , Left hand examines Right breast.
Term
How do you document a mass?
Definition
Location
Size
Shape
Consistency
Mobility
Distinctness
Nipple Retraction
Overlying skin
Tenderness
Lymphadenopathy
Term
What is benign breast disease?
Definition
Formerly fibrocystic breast disease)
Multiple tender masses
Term
What are the 6 diagnostic categories of BBD?
Definition
Swelling & tenderness
Mastalgia-dull, heavy, > premenses
Nodularity-bilat, reg, firm, mobile…
Dominant lumps*
Nipple discharge*
Infections & inflammation
Term
What is fibrocystic breast condition?
Definition
Fibrocystic changes of the breast that include a range of changes involving the lobules, ducts, and tissues of the breast
Term
What causes FBC?
Definition
Thought to be caused by an imbalance in normal estrogen-to-progesterone ratio
Term
What is a benign breast lump?
Definition
Fibroadenoma
Solitary nontender mass
Solid, firm, rubbery & elastic
Round, oval or lobular
1 – 5 cm
Freely moveable, slippery
Most common 15 – 30, up to 55 y/o
Grows quickly & constantly
Benign, although must be diagnosed by biopsy
Usually located in the upper outer quadrant of the breast
Term
What is a cancerous breast lump?
Definition
Solitary, unilateral nontender mass
Solid, hard dense & fixed as it becomes invasive
Irregular borders, poorly differentiated
Grows constantly
Often painless
Most common UOQ
Term
What does advanced stage breast cancer feel like?
Definition
Advanced: firm/hard irregular axillary nodes, skin dimpling, nipple retraction, elevation & discharge
Term
What are the complications from breast cancer?
Definition
Complications include:
Invasion of lymph channels causing skin edema
Metastasis to lymph nodes
Bone, lungs, brain, and liver—sites of metastatic disease from breast cancer
Ulceration of overlying skin
Term
What HHQ should you ask when performing a testicular exam?
Definition
Self-care behaviors
Lumps or swelling of testes or scrotum?
History of undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) as infant?
Ever been told have a hernia?
Dragging, heavy feeling in scrotum?
Term
What is TSE?
Definition
T = Timing
Monthly
S = Shower
Warm water relaxes scrotal sac
E = Examine
Check for changes and report
Term
What age range has the highest incidence of testicular cancer?
Definition
Age 15 – 40
Men w/undescended testicles
Whites 4 x more likely than non-whites
Term
What is an early testicular tumor?
Definition
Painless, found on exam
Firm nodule or harder than normal section of testicle
Solitary nodule
Term
What is a diffuse tumor?
Definition
Most common symptom is enlarged testis, has feel of increased weight
Enlarged testis, smooth, ovoid, firm
Term
What is prostate cancer?
Definition
Gradual enlargement normal with aging
Term
Who is at increased risk for prostate cancer?
Definition
Increased risk with family history and if African American
Risk increased if multiple family members or young age at diagnosis
Term
What testing is involved with prostate cancer?
Definition
Blood for prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Digital rectal exam (DRE)
With no risk factors:
DRE yearly at 40,
PSA yearly at 50
Term
The nurse is aware that which of these statements is true regarding the incidence of testicular cancer?
Definition
C. Men with a history of cryptorchidism are at greatest risk for development of testicular cancer.
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