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Unit 1
Ch. 1,3,
121
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
02/05/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Leeuwenhoek

Definition
'Discovered' the previously unknown microbial world, dubbed the creatures 'beasties.'
Term
Fungi
Definition
Heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls.
Term
Molds
Definition
Multicellular organisms which sporulate into long intertwined filaments. (Fungi)
Term
Yeasts
Definition
Unicellular oviods which reproduce asexually through budding. (Fungi)
Term
Protazoa
Definition
Single cell eukaryotes capable of motion.
Term
Algae
Definition
Photosynthetic eukaryotes, categorized by their pigmentation and cell walls.
Term
Unicellular Algae
Definition
Provide most of the world's O2 through photosynthesis, and are a major food source for marine life.
Term
Parasitic Worms
Definition
Most grow to a visible size, but their microscopic eggs can be found in blood, feces, urine,and lymph specimens.
Term
Viruses
Definition
Acellular parasites composed of DNA and RNA, not visible under light micrscope.
Term
Abiogenesis
Definition
Spontaneous generation of life, theory proposed by Aristotle.
Term
Redi
Definition
Exposed meat to flies, theorized that "animals come from animals."
Term
Needham
Definition
His experiments confirmed the idea of abiogenesis.
Term
Spallanzi
Definition
Disproved Needham's experiment.
Term
Pasteur
Definition
Put the idea of Abiogenesis to rest.
Term
Pasteur
Definition
His work solidified the scientific method.
Term
Theories or Laws
Definition
Accepted hypothesises which can explain many observations and be repeated.
Term
Control Groups
Definition
Necessary for an experiment to be identified as valid.
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Causes the formation of alcohol to sugar, the formation of lactic acid, and the putrefication of meat.
Term
Yeast
Definition
Category of microbes responsible for fermentation.
Term
Biotechnology/Industrial Microbiology
Definition
Filed begun by Pasteur, microbes being intentionally used to manufacture products.
Term
Buchner
Definition
His experiments demonstrated the existence of enzymes. He also began the study of biochemistry (study of cellular metabolism).
Term
Germ Theory of Disease
Definition
Pasteur's theory, disease is caused by a specific pathogen. (only applies to infectious disease)
Term
Etiology
Definition
Field founded by Koch, the study of causation of disease.
Term
Koch
Definition
Discovered disease which causes anthrax, grew multiple bacteria on agar plates.
Term
Koch
Definition
Took the first photomicrograph of bacteria, as well as the first photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue.
Term
Koch
Definition
Used sterile lab techniques
Term
Beijernick
Definition
Pioneered the idea of a filterable virus - non bacterial pathogens which were small enough to go through filters.
Term
Nosocomial Infections
Definition
Infections which occur in a healthcare setting.
Term
Semmelweis
Definition
Wanted med students to wash their hands, to rid them of "cadaver particles."
Term
Lister
Definition
Dressed and sprayed wounds with carbolic acid (phenol).
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
Study of occurrence of distribution and spread of disease in humans, founded by Snow.
Term
Immunology
Definition
Field founded by Jenner, using vaccines to prevent disease.
Term
Ehlich
Definition
Sold "magic bullets," after finding that different chemicals could be used to kill microbes differently.
Term
Biochemistry
Definition
Study of metabolic reactions which occur in all living organisms.
Term
Molecular Biology
Definition
Study of genome sequencing and evolutionary relationships.
Term
Woose
Definition
Divided organisms into 3 groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
Term
Gene Therapy
Definition
The insertion or repair of missing or defective genes.
Term
Serology
Definition
The study of blood serum.
Term
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Responsiveness
  • Metabolism
Definition
4 Requirements of Life
Term
Taxis
Definition
Response to environmental stimuli.
Term
Organelles
Definition
Specialized structures within a cell.
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
Gelatinous substance surrounding the outside of a cell, composed of polyaccharides or polypeptides. Helps to prevent against desiccation, and good for attachment of cells. Present in archaea, bacteria, and animal eukaryotic cells.
Term
Capsule
Definition
Type of glycocalyx, composed of organized repeating units which are firmly attached to cell surface, may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host.
Term
Slimy Layer
Definition
Type of glycocalyx. Loosely attached, water soluble layers which no not increase the virulence of bacteria.
Term
Flagella.
Definition
Long structures which extend beyond the cell surface, responsible for motility.
Term
Filament
Definition
Composed of gobular proteins called flagillin.
Term
Basal Body
Definition
Anchors the filament and hook to a cell wall by a rod and series of either two or four rings of integral proteins.
Term
Runs
Definition
Counter clockwise unified movement. 
Term
Tumbles
Definition
Clockwise independent movement. 
Term
Positive Taxis
Definition
Movement toward favorable stimuli
Term
Negative Taxis
Definition
Movement away from negative stimuli
Term
Fimbrae
Definition
Sticky bristle like projections all over a cell, allow for attachment to other bacteria or cells, ex. biofilms.
Term
Biofilms
Definition
Slimy masses of microbes adhering to a substrate using fimbrae and glyocalyx.
Term
Pili
Definition
Allows for the transfer of genetic information between cells.
Term

  1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
  2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Definition
Two glycan proteins which compose the peptidoglyan in bacteria cell walls.
Term
Gram Positive Bacteria
Definition

  • Have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, which contain techoic acids
  • Negatively Charged
  • Retains purple dye
  • Techoic acids link to lipids, which form lipotechoic acids that anchor the peptidoglycan to cell walls

Term
Gram Negative Bacteria
Definition

  • Contain a thin layer of peptidoglcan
  • Asymmetric bilayer
  • Lipopolysaccharide outer layer

Term
lipid a
Definition
The lipid portion of LPS, very toxic and cancause damage if the cell is destroyed
Term
periplasmic space
Definition
Space between outer and inner membranes, contains periplasam.
Term
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Definition
Type of bacteria without a cell wall.
Term
Mycobacterium
Definition
Contain mycolic acid, which results in the need for an acid-fast stain.
Term
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Definition
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which can be described using the fluid mosaic model. Selectively permeable.
Term

  • Diffusion
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Osmosis

Definition
Name the 3 passive processes.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Movement from high concentration to low concentration of small or lipid soluble chemicals.
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Membrane proteins provide pathways for large or electrically charged molecules. Maintain the electrical gradient.
Term
Permease
Definition
Proteins used in facilitated diffusion, which have a specific binding site for one substance.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Same water concentration across membrane.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Higher concentration of solute vs. water.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Lower concnetration of solute vs. water.
Term
Uniport
Definition
Transport of one substance.
Term
Antiport
Definition
Transport of two chemicals in the opposite direction.
Term
Symport
Definition
Two substances moving in the same direction
Term
Coupled Transport
Definition
The use of one chemical's electrical gradient to transport a second chemical.
Term
Group Translocation
Definition
Substance being transported is chemically changed.
Term
Cytosol
Definition
The mostly water, liquid portion of cytoplasm
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
Composed of cytosol, inclusions, ribosomes, and the cytoskeleton
Term
Nucleoid
Definition
The region in prokaryotes which contains the cell's DNA(usually one circular ring), also the site of some chemical reactions.
Term
Inclusions
Definition
Deposits in cytosol, whichcontain lipids, starch, N, P, or S.Used when nutrients are scarce.
Term
Endospore
Definition
Vegetative cell transforms into this when under stress.
Term
Sporulation
Definition
The 8 to 10 hour process of endospore formation, can form centrally, suberminally, or terminally.
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Found in cytoplasm, and the site of protein synthesis in bacterial cells. 
Term
Hami
Definition
Numerous helical filaments on archaea, which 'hook' archaea to surfaces.
Term
Binary Fission
Definition

1) Cell replicates its DNA

2) Cytoplasmic membrane elongates
3) Wall forms, membrane invanginates

4) Wall completely forms

5) Daughter cells separates

Term
Snapping Diffsion
Definition
Reproductive process of some gram positive bacilli.
Term
Spores
Definition
Repoductive cells which can develop into clones of the original.
Term
Budding
Definition
Out growth of the original cell develops, and is eventually cut off.
Term
Fragmentation
Definition
Reproductive development of small motile filaments, which leave parental cell.
Term
Viviparity
Definition
Reproductive process of only Epulospicscum, live offspring emerge from dead mother cell.
Term
Methonine
Definition
Start codon of archaea.
Term
Hyperthermophiles
Definition
Require 80C+ to function
Term
Halophiles
Definition

Live in extremely saline environments.

Need > 9% NaCl to live

Term
Bacteriodopsins
Definition
Pigments in halophiles which absorb light energy to pump proteins.
Term
Methanogens
Definition

Convert CO2 and H2 to CH4
Largest group of Archaea

Responsible for major greenhouse gas

Term
Deeply Branching Bacteria
Definition
Autotrophs which "branched" off the tree of life very early, live in hot acidic environments.
Term
Photosynthetic Lamellae
Definition
Pigments located in thylakoids where light is absorbed for photosynthesis.
Term
Cyanobacteria
Definition
Oxygenic gram negative cocci which are Nitrogen Fixers.
Term
Oxygenic
Definition
Type of organisms which generate oxygen using chrlorophyl a.
Term
Nitrogen Fixation
Definition
Reduction of N2 to NH3, ex. cyanobacteria.
Term
Heterocysts
Definition
Wall in a cell which eparates nitrogen fixation from oxygenic photosynthesis.
Term
Green and Purple Phototropic Bacteria
Definition
Use bacteriochlorophylls for photosynthesis,andare anoxygenic(don't generate oxygen).
Term
dehydration
Definition
loss of H+
Term
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Definition
Transfer of PO4 3- to ADP from a phosphorylated organic compound.
Term
oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
Energy from a redox reaction is used to transfer inorganic phosphate to ADP
Term
Photophosphrylation
Definition
light energy is used to transfer inorganic PO4 3- to ADP
Term
Yes, ADP is "rechargeable."
Definition
Can ADP be used to generate ATP more than once?
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Organic Catalysts
Term
Hydrolases
Definition
Enzyme that adds water in decomposition.
Term
Isomeraes
Definition
Enzymes which rearrange atoms within a molecule.
Term
Neither
Definition
Are Isomerases anabolic or catabolic?
Term
Ligase/Polymerase
Definition
Enzymes which join 2 molecules together.
Term
Lysases
Definition
Split large molecules without water.
Term
Oxidoreductases
Definition
Enzymes which oxidize or reduce substrates.
Term
Transferases
Definition
Enzymes which transfer functional groups between molecules.
Term
Apoenzymes
Definition
Enzymes which require cofactors to become activated.
Term
Cofactor
Definition
Non protein ions or coenzymes used to activate enzymes.
Term
Holoenzyme
Definition
apoenzyme + cofactor =
Term
Ribozyme
Definition
Enzymes made of RNA,they make protein enzymes.
Term
Active Site
Definition
The enzyme's functional site.
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O
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