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Understanding psychology chapter 1
what is psychology?
48
Psychology
10th Grade
09/07/2010

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Term
physiological
Definition
having to do with an organisms physical processes (physical needs)
Term
cognitive
Definition
having to do with an organisms thinking and understanding (private, unobservable mental, reasons)
Term
psychology
Definition
the scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research (study of behavior and mental processes) can involve both human and animal behaviors. covers everything that people think, feel, and do. not always observable and must be systematic
Term
hypothesis
Definition
an assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research (educated guess about some phenomenon)
Term
theory
Definition
a set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study (usually a complex explanation based on findings from a large number of experimental studies)
Term
basic science
Definition
the pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake (research)
Term
applied science
Definition
discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals (using psychological principles to solve more immediate problems)
Term
What are the goals of psychology?
Definition
describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior
Term
scientific method
Definition
a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized. usually asks and answers questions about why people think, act, and feel as they do reduces the chances of coming to false conclusions
Term
steps of scientific method
Definition
question, hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusions, theories
Term
wilhelm wundt
Definition
set up first psychological lab in leipzeig germany. 2 types of elements: sensations and feelings. believes individuals observe analyze and report his or her own mental experiences. established modern psychology as a separate field of study
Term
marmaduke sampson
Definition
studies why crime occurs. believed behavior was the result of the shape of the head.
Term
phrenology
Definition
the practice of examining the bumps on a persons skull to determine that persons intellect and character traits. inspired scientists to consider the brain instead of the heart as responsible for human behavior
Term
Origins of psychology
Definition
greeks studied human behavior and decided people were rational and not dominated by gods
Term
copernicus
Definition
published idea that the earth was not the center of the universe the sun was
Term
galileo galilei
Definition
used a telescope to confirm copernicus' predictions
Term
descartes
Definition
proposed a link between the body and the mind
Term
structuralist
Definition
a psychologist who studies the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences. (human experience)
Term
introspection
Definition
a method of self observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings. (method of self observation to collect information on mind)
Term
william james
Definition
taught first psychology class in harvard university wrote the principles of psychology. (father of psychology)
Term
functionalist
Definition
a psychologist who studies the function instead of the structure of consciousness (study how animals and people adapt to environment).
Term
Sir francis Galton
Definition
wanted to understand how heredity influences a persons abilities, character, and behavior. focused on genius being a heredity trait. he didnt consider distinguished families may also have exceptional environments and socioeconomic advantages
Term
inheritable traits
Definition
a persons heredity and environment interact to influence intelligence
Term
German psychologists
Definition
max wertheimer, wolfgang kohler, kurt koffka, disagreed with the principles of structuralism and behavioralism. believed perception involved a "whole pattern" or gestalt. studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences
Term
sigmund freud
Definition
interested in unconscious mind. used technique free association. (indirectly studying unconscious processes) believed dreams are expressions of the most primitive urges.
Term
psychoanalyst
Definition
a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior, feelings, and thoughts.
Term
dream analysis
Definition
same thing as free association except applied to dreams
Term
case study
Definition
is an analysis of the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors, or problems of an individual.
Term
ivlan pavlov
Definition
russian scientist, dog experiment where dog associated ringing sound with food. behavior as product of prior experience.
Term
behaviorist
Definition
a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment (observable behavior)
Term
john watson
Definition
believed that psychology should only concern itself with observable facts of behavior
Term
B.F skinner
Definition
introduced the concept on reinforcement. is a response to a behavior that increases the likelihood for the behavior to be repeated.
Term
humanist
Definition
psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth (evolving and self directed) does not view humans as being controlled by events in the environment or by unconscious forces.
Term
cogitivist
Definition
a psychologist who studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how thought processes influence our behavior, behavior is more than a simple response to a stimulus
Term
psychobiologist
Definition
a psychologist who studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior (how brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics influence our behavior). Also how the effect of drugs on behavior in terms of biological factors
Term
sociocultural psychology
Definition
influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning. (how ethnicity, gender, culture, and status influence our behavior).
Term
psychologist
Definition
scientist who studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals. observe analyze and evaluate behavior
Term
psychiatry
Definition
specialty in medicine. deals with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
Term
clinical psychologist
Definition
a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances (deal with person problems) (work in private offices, mental hospitals, prisons, and clinics).
Term
counseling psychologist
Definition
is a psychologist who usually helps people deal with problems of living/ everyday life. (work in schools, industrial firms).
Term
developmental psychologist
Definition
a psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures. (study children, elderly, etc).
Term
educational psychologist
Definition
a psychologist who is concerned in helping students learn. intelligence, memory, problem solving, and motivation.
Term
community psychologist
Definition
who may work in a mental health of social welfare agency. helps design, run, or evaluate, a mental health clinic.
Term
industrial/organizational psychologist
Definition
who uses psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and managers. study and develop methods to boost production, improve working conditions, place applicants in jobs for which best suited, train people, reduce accidents.
Term
environmental psychologist
Definition
work in a business or with the government to study the effects of the environment on people (may look at natural disasters, overcrowding, pollution)
Term
forensic psychologist
Definition
work in legal, court, and correctional systems
Term
health psychologist
Definition
study the interaction between physical and psychological health factors. (how stress and depression leads to physical ailments)
Term
experimental psychologist
Definition
psychologist who studies sensation, perception, learning, motivation, and or emotion in carefully controlled laboratory conditions. (how humans operate physically and psychologically) do everyday testing
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