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Understanding Pathophysiology Chapter 9
Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer
39
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
08/14/2013

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Term
Cancer
Definition
A malignant tumor
Derived from the Greek word for crab, karkinoma
Term
Neoplasm
Definition
A new growth
Term
Tumor
Definition
Used to describe a new growth
Term
Benign tumors
Definition
Grow slowly, well defined capsule, noninvasive, well differentiated, low mitotic index, do not metastasize
Term
Stroma
Definition
Surrounding capsule of connective tissue
Term
Malignant Tumors
Definition
Grow rapidly, non-encapsulated, invasive, poorly differentiated, high mitotic index, can metastasize easily
Term
Anaplasia
Definition
The loss of cellular differentiation
Term
Pleomorphic
Definition
Marked variability of size and shape
Term
Carcinomas
Definition
Epithelial tissue cancer
Term
Adenocarcinomas
Definition
Carcinomas that arise from or form ductal or glandular structures
Term
Lymphomas
Definition
Lymphatic tissue cancer
Term
Leukemias
Definition
Blood-forming cell cancers
Term
Tumor markers
Definition
Substances produced by both benign and malignant cells that are present in or on tumor cells or found in blood, CSF, or urine.
Term
Transformed cells
Definition
Cancer cells that can be created from normal cells
Term
Contact inhibition
Definition
Lacked by transformed cells which means they will continue to crowd, eventually piling up on each other
Term
Anchorage independent
Definition
Cancer cells continue to divide even when suspended in a soft agar gel
Term
Clonal proliferation/Clonal expansion
Definition
Mutant cell may have a selective advantage over its neighbors and its progeny can accumulate faster
Term
Proto-oncogenes
Definition
Normal genes that direct protein synthesis and cellular growth
Term
Oncogenes
Definition
Mutant genes
Term
Tumor-suppressor genres
Definition
Encode proteins that in their normal state negatively regulate proliferation
Term
Point mutation
Definition
Changes in one or a few nucleotide base pairs
Term
Chromosome trans-location
Definition
A piece on one chromosome is transferred to another
Term
Gene amplification
Definition
A small piece of chromosome is duplicated over and over
Results in an increased expression of an oncogene
Term
Mutation of tumor-suppressor genes
Definition
Allows unregulated cellular growth
Term
Loss of heterozygosity
Definition
Both chromosome copies of a gene are inactivated
Term
Gene silencing
Definition
Whole regions of chromosomes are shut off while the same regions in other cells remain active
Term
Chromosome instability
Definition
Increase in malignant cells
Results in chromosome loss, loss of heterozygosity, and chromosome amplification
Term
Caretaker genes
Definition
Encode for proteins that are involved in repairing damaged DNA
Term
Exposure to mutagens
Definition
If the mutation occurs in somatic cells, it is not passed to progeny
If the mutation occurs in germ line cells, it can be passed to future generations
Term
Mutagens
Definition
Agents causing mutations
Term
Angiogenesis
Definition
Growth of new vessels
Term
Angiogenic factors
Definition
Vascular endothelial GF
Platelet derived GF
Basic fibroblast GF
Term
Telomeres
Definition
Protective caps on each chromosome and are held in place by telomerase
Become smaller and smaller with each cell division
Term
Cancer metabolism
Definition
Parasitic extraction of nutrients from blood
Divide even in hypoxic or acidic states
Use aerobic glycolysis so subsequent metabolites can be used for growth
Term
Cancer stem cells
Definition
Stem cells self-renew
Cell divisions create new stem cells
Stem cells are pluripotent
Ability to differentiate into multiple different cell types
Current cancer chemotherapy does not kill cancer stem cells
Term
Inflammation and Cancer
Definition
Cytokine release from inflammatory cells
Free radicals
Mutation promotion
Decreased response to DNA damage
Examples: ulcerative colitis, chronic viral hepatitis
Term
Immune system and cancer
Definition
Normal immune system protects against cancer
Immunosuppression fosters cancer:
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (10X)
Kaposi sarcoma (1000X)
In some cases cancer promotes secretion of cytokines that foster cancer
Term
Viruses and cancer
Definition
Hepatitis B and C viruses
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Human T cell leukemia–lymphoma virus (HTLV)
Term
Bacterial Causes of Cancer
Definition
Heliobacter pylori
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