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UCE CHEM136 ENSC136
Water Chemistry
89
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
04/15/2009

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1m3=_L
Definition
103L=_m
Term
1L=_cm3
Definition
103cm3=1L
Term
1M=
Definition
1mole/L
Term
Water Distribution on Earth
Definition

97% Ocean

2% Ice Caps

1% Ground Water

.01% lakes

.001% Atmosphere

Term
Residence time of Atmosphere
Definition
10 days
Term
Residence time of the ocean
Definition
3000 years
Term
trade winds
Definition
East to West at low latitudes
Term
Westerlies
Definition
West to East at mid-latitudes
Term

Direction of wind in the Upper Hemisphere

 

Lower Hemisphere

Definition

Upper Hemisphere = clockwise

 

Lower Hemisphere = counter clock wise

Term

Direction of ocean in the Upper Hemisphere

 

Lower Hemisphere

Definition

Upper Hemisphere = clockwise

 

Lower Hemisphere = counter clock wise

Term
Atmosphere is heated from?
Definition
below
Term
Ocean Temp
Definition

75-200m = 18C

1000m - 3500m = 3C

 

Term
pycnocline
Definition
sharply decreasing density that parallels the thermocline
Term
Describe Salt Water Currents
Definition

sinks in thw norwegian seadown, down the atlantic, up into the pacific and indian ocean.

 

Exchange rate 100 - 1000 years

Term

Chem that are well mixed and not well mixed

 

Residence/Mixing time?

Definition

Residence Time >>> Mixing Time =uniform concentration

 

Residence Time < Mixing Time = Non uniform

 

LAKES

 

Residence time for any chemical cannot be longer than the water renewal time

 

Term

Ocean Salinity

amount

 

Depth Chart

Definition

35 parts per thousand 35g/kg

 

[image]

Term
Lake and River Salinity
Definition
0.1%
Term
Major Cations
Definition
Na+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+
Term
Major Anions
Definition
Cl-,SO42-, HCO3
Term
Nutrients
Definition
H4SiO4,NO3-, PO4-
Term
Trace Metals
Definition
Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+
Term
Expected Solid or solution phase?
Definition
Monovalent ion and Large Divalent have weak ionic bonds and are expected to be in solution and have long residence times
Term
Only homogenious ocean ions
Definition
Anions and Cations
Term
Absorbed particles in particulate matter have ____ residence times
Definition
short residence times
Term
Ions that have a seasonal behavior in a lake
Definition
Cu, Ni, Cd are recycled behavior in summer and scavendeg in the winter
Term
Equilibrium constant vs. Temp & Pressure
Definition

Increase Temp = Increased eq. Constant = more products only if endothermic (gets cold)

 

Increase Pressure = increased eq Constant = more products

Term
Typical Lake Concentration Curve
Definition
[image]
Term
Typical Lake Temp Curve
Definition
[image]
Term

Ocean Acumulated Curve

 

Residence time

 

Ions

Definition
[image]
Term
Ocean Trace Metals Curve
Definition
[image]
Term
Lake Nutrients Curve
Definition
[image]
Term
Ocean Oxygen Curve
Definition
[image]
Term

Recycled Curve

 

Residence Time

 

Ions

Definition
[image]
Term

Ocean Scavenged curve

 

Residence Time

 

Ions:

Definition
[image]
Term

Ocean Temp Curves

 

Low mid high latitudes

Definition
[image]
Term

Acid Base Reaction

 

k name

Definition

Products are OH- or H+

 

k=dissociation Constant

Term

Complexation

 

k name

Definition

components are assembly into a product

 

k= stability constant

Term
Dissolution Precipitation
Definition

Products are a breakdown of starting material

 

k= soulubility products

Term
Adsorption
Definition
k= adsorption constant
Term
activity coefficient of a solid
Definition
1
Term
Solubility
Definition

K High Ionic Strength = K

 

K low Ionic Strength =Kd

 

K>Kd = more soluable in High

K<Kd = more soluable in low

Term
activity coefficient of ions in solution
Definition
always less than one. = minerals are more soluable in high ionic strength than low ionic strength
Term

Henry's Law Constant Vs.

 

Temp

 

Molecular Weight

 

solubility

 

 

Definition

HLC increases with decreasing Temp

 

HLC increases with increasing molecular weight

 

Large molecules are more polarized = more surface area to interact with water = prefer solution phase

 

salt reduces binding energy means more gas in freshwater

Term
CO2 ___ in water
Definition
ionizes
Term
How to measure partial pressure
Definition

(atm)[]

 

sealevel O2

1atm*21% = .21atm

Term
water-air equilibrium
Definition

eq is water surface

 

flows high to low so if

 

[A] in soultion > eq then fluxes to air and is super saturated

 

[A] in soultion < eq then fluxes to water and is subsaturated

 

[]decreases with increasing temp

Term

Transport Velocity

vs

diffusion coefficint

 

film thickness

Definition

increases with diffusion coefficient

 

decreases with film thickness

Term
film thickness
Definition
thinkness decreases with increased windspeed
Term
CO2 concentration is greatest @
Definition

Equatordue to upwelling, everywhere else is subsaturated

 

Lakes are supersaturated especially during spring

Term
Metabolic Processes uptake these elements
Definition
C,H,O,N,P,Si
Term
These compounds are depleted on the surface waters due to photosynthesis
Definition

CO2, H3SiO4, NO3, PO4

 

increase with depth

Term
O2 levels and depth
Definition
Large number at surface, depeletes in depths
Term
Shells are made of
Definition
SiO2 and CaCO3
Term

Type of Shell Produced

 

Coccolithophorida

Foraminifera

Pteropods

Diatoms

Radiolarians

Definition

Coccolithophorida = Calcite

Foraminifera = Calcite

Pteropods = aragonite

Diatoms = Opal

Radiolarians = Opal

Term
Limiting Nutrient in Oceans
Definition
Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Iron in Austrailia, Silica in South America
Term
Letter representing element loss into sediments
Definition
f
Term
Letter representing element loss into deep waters
Definition
g
Term
Fraction of element lost during each mixing cycle
Definition
f*g
Term
Ocean Mixing time Letter
Definition
TM = 1000 years
Term
Biolimiting features
Definition

High g => high level of mixing

Low f => low loss into sediments

Residence time = 10^5 - 2*10^4

 

Cs/Cr very different from Cd/Cr

Term
Biointermediate Features
Definition

g around .7-0

f = .1

Residence Time = 10^4 - 8*10^5

Cs/Cr close to Cd/Cr

 

Term
Biounlimited Features
Definition

no g

no f

Residence Time = 6*10^7 - 1*10^8

Cs/Cr = Cd/Cr

Term
Lake names for surface, deep, and sediments
Definition
Epilimnion, Hypolimnion, sediements
Term
Acids and Bases = H+
Definition

Acids give H+

Bases recieve H+

Term
Strong Acids
Definition

HCl

H2SO4

HNO3

Term
Titration Volume Equation
Definition
(Vi+Va)[acid]=(Vi)[base]
Term
H2CO3* Equilibiria
Definition

H2CO3*-> HCO3- + H+

HCO3- -> CO32- + H+

H2O -> H+ + OH-

Term
H2CO3* Alkalinity Equation
Definition
[ALK]= [HCO3-] + 2[CO32-] +[OH-] - [H+]
Term
Soluibility and pH change
Definition
Metals: solubility increases as pH increases
Term
saturation, rainy vs. arid regions
Definition

Rainy: low concentrations of ions are undersaturated with respect to CaCO3, CO2 added by decomposing matter causes further dissolving of CaCO3

 

Arid: High ion concentration and are supersatured with respect to CaCO3

Term
Types of Weathering and how they are done
Definition

Physical Weathering - wind abrasion, ice, plant rooots

Chemical Weathering - Dissolved species into water

 

Term

Chemical Weather is effect by

pH

Temperature

Water Flow

Solubility

Vegatation

Definition

pH: Low pH Increases weathering

 

Temperature: Increases weathering

 

Water Flow: Increases weathering

 

Solubility: high Sol. Increases weathering

 

Vegatation: Releases organic acids into soil and Increases weathering

Term
Rock Types and Description
Definition

Igneous - crystallization from melted rock at high temps

 

Sedimentary - Sedimentation in water formed by various debris

 

Metamorphic - Recrystallization of igneous and sedimentary at high temp and pressure without melting

 

75% of surface is sedimentary

Term
Rock classes and dissolved in water
Definition

Evaporites: 17%

Carbonate: 38%

Silicates: 45%

 

*Lower % is better for abundance

Term
SiO4 charge and Structure
Definition

Si = 4+

O = 8-

Total = -4

 

More SHARED Oxygen is better in crystal

SiO2 is strongest

SiO4 weakest (most soluble)

Term
Riverflow highest and lowest
Definition

highest: low & high latitudes

Lowest: mid latitudes

Term

Rivers

Inorganic Particles

Major Dissolved Species

Definition

Inorganic Particles: Al, Fe, Si, Ca

Major Dissolved Species: Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+

Term

Things that increase sediment load

 

Things that reduce sediment load

Definition

High elevation

easily eroded materials

heavy rainfall

 

 

large drainage areas & lakes reduce

Term
Total concentration of dissolved ions in rivers
Definition
100mg/L
Term
Red Clay
Definition
Covers entire ocean floor, Thickest deposits near mouths of rivers and along coast, composed of silicate minerals
Term
CaCO3
Definition

formed by the desposition of phytoplankton and zooplankton, If not red clay than this or opal, Organsims that produces this are much more uniform  thus more distributed throughout oceans,

 

made by organisms that use nitrates and phosphate but not silica making them soft and easily dissolved in surface waters and distributed

 

some waters are under/over-saturated with respect to CaCO3 determining dissolving

 

dominate atlantic sediments

 

16% preserved in sediments

Term
Opal
Definition

formed by the desposition of phytoplankton and zooplankton, If not red clay than this or CaCO3,

 

highly nonunifrom, near upwelling since silica is not recycled easily. most in equator, antartica and pacific. LEAST in atlantic

 

Ocean is undersaturated with repsect to opal so always will dissolve

Term
Hard Sphere Ions
Definition

Low Polarizability

Electrostatic Bonding

Na+

Term
Soft Sphere Ions
Definition

High Polarizability

Covalent Bonding

Cu+

Term
Metal/Ligand Absorption Curve
Definition

[image]

 

 

[] Absorbed

Term
Organic Matter and pH
Definition
Organic matter absorption increases at low pH and decreases as pH rises
Term

Oxidation Number

O

H

 

Reduced travel =

Oxidized travel =

Definition

O2 = 0

O = -2

H = +1

 

 

Reduced travel = more -

Oxidized travel = more +

Term
Release of absorbed particles
Definition
When particles enter deep water that is low in oxygen metal return to solution phase and diffuse back to surface where they are reabsorbed again.
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