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U.S. History Semester 1 Terms
Units 1-6
125
Social Studies
11th Grade
01/15/2012

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Term
Mercantilism
Definition
An economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade.
Term
Navigation Acts
Definition
A series of laws encated by Parliament to tighten England's control of trade in its colonies
Term
Salutary Nelect
Definition
An English policy of relaxing the enforcement in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty.
Term
Indentured Servant
Definition
A person who has contracted to work for another for a limiteds period, often in return for travel expenses, shelter, and sustenance.
Term
Cash Crop
Definition
A crop grown for sale rather than for personal use
Term
Triangular Trade
Definition
The transatlantic system of trade in which goods and people, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America.
Term
Middle Passage
Definition
The voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America
Term
French and Indian War
Definition
A conflict in North America between France and GB that ended with the defeat of France and the transfer sof French Canada to GB.
Term
Proclamation of 1763
Definition
An order in which GB prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Term
Sugar Act
Definition
A trade law enacted by GB in an attempt to reduce smuggling in the colonies in North American.
Term
Stamp Act
Definition
A law in which GB established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the colonies.
Term
Townshend Act
Definition
A series of laws establishing indirect taxes on goods imported from GB by the colonies.
Term
Boston Massacre
Definition
A clash between GB soldiers and Boston colonists in which 5 colonist were killed.
Term
Boston Tea Party
Definition
The dumping of 18,000 lbs of tea into the Boston harbor to protest the Tea Act.
Term
King George III
Definition
King of GB at the time
Term
Intolerable Acts
Definition
A series of laws to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party
Term
Martial Law
Definition
Temporary rule by military rather than civilian authority.
Term
Minutemen
Definition
Patriot civilian soldiers just before and during the Revolutionary War, pledged to be ready to fight at a minute's notice.
Term
Second Continental Congress
Definition
The congress that approved the Declaration of Independence, and served as the only agency of national gov't during the Revolutionary War.
Term
Friedrich von Steuben
Definition
Prussian captain and talented drillmaster who trained the colonial army.
Term
Marquis de Lafayette
Definition
A French aristocrat offered his assistance in the war. He lobbied for French reinforcements and led a command in Virginia.
Term
General Charles Cornwallis
Definition
British general.
Term
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Definition
Ended the Revolutionary War, confirmed US independence, and set boundaries of the new nation.
Term
Egalitarianism
Definition
The beliefs that all people should have equal political, economic, social, and civil rights.
Term
Republic
Definition
Indirect democracy
Term
Republicanism
Definition
Gov'ts should be based on the consent of the people.
Term
Articles of Confederation
Definition
A document that outlined the form of gov't of the new United States
Term
Land Ordinace of 1785
Definition
A law that established a plan for surveying and selling the federally owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountians.
Term
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Definition
A law that established a procedure for th admission of new states to the Union.
Term
Shay's Rebellion
Definition
An uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787.
Term
Judiciary Act of 1789
Definition
A law that establisheds the federal court system and the number of Supreme Court justices and that provided for the appeal of certain state court decisions to the federal courts.
Term
Alexander Hamilton
Definition
Was appointed by GW as secretary of the treasury.
Term
Cabinet
Definition
The group of department heads who serve as the president's chief advisors.
Term
Bank of the United States
Definition
Either of two national banks, funded by the federal gov't and private investors, established by Congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816.
Term
Democratic-Republicans
Definition
Political party known for its support of strong state gov'ts, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist Party.
Term
Federalists
Definition
Those who shared Hamilton's vision of a strong central gov't.
Term
Two-Party System
Definition
A political system dominated by two major parties.
Term
Protective Tariff
Definition
A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's business from foreign competition.
Term
Excise Tax
Definition
A tax on the production sale, or consuption of goods produced within a country.
Term
Whiskey Rebellion
Definition
A rebellion by farmers because of the tax on whiskey. Hamilton deemed it necessarys to show the nation that the government can enforce the law.
Term
Neutrality
Definition
A refusal to take part in a war between other nations.
Term
John Jay
Definition
The chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time.
Term
Sectionalism
Definition
The placing of the interests of one's own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole.
Term
XYZ Affair
Definition
A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from US diplomats.
Term
Alien and Sedition Act
Definition
A series of four laws enacted to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the US.
Term
Nullification
Definition
A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional.
Term
Election of 1800
Definition
A struggle between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams.
Term
Marbury vs. Madison
Definition
An 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power became known as judicial review.
Term
Judicial Review
Definition
The Supreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.
Term
Lousiana Purchase
Definition
The 1803 purchase by the United States of France's Louisiana Territory-extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains-for $15 million.
Term
Blockade
Definition
The use of ships or troops to prevent movement into and out of a part or region controlled by a hostile nation.
Term
Impressment
Definition
The forcible seizure of men for military service.
Term
Embargo
Definition
A gov't ban on trade with one or more other nations.
Term
Tecumseh
Definition
The Shawnee chief.
Term
Battle of New Orleans
Definition
Andrew Jackson defeated a superior British force at the Battle of New Orleans after defeating Native Americans of the Creek at the battle of Horseshoe Bend.
Term
Treaty of Ghent
Definition
The 1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812.
Term
Armistice
Definition
A truce, or agreement to end an armed conflict.
Term
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Definition
Congress clarified that it had authority over interstate commerce.
Term
McCulloh vs. Maryland
Definition
An 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the Bank of the US, thereby strengthening the power of the federal govt's control over the economy.
Term
Nationalism
Definition
A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.
Term
John Quicy Adams
Definition
Secretay of State at the time.
Term
Monroe Doctrine
Definition
A policy of US opposition to any European interferences in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
Term
Adams-Onis Treaty
Definition
An 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the US.
Term
Missouri Compromise
Definition
A series of agreements passed by Congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states.
Term
Andrew Jackson
Definition
John Quicy Adam's chief political opponent.
Term
D-R Party
Definition
Political party known for its support of strong state gov'ts.
Term
Spoils System
Definition
The practice of winning candidates' rewarding their supporters with gov't jobs.
Term
Indian Removal Act
Definition
A law that forced Native American peoples east of the Mississippi to move to lands in the West.
Term
Trail of Tears
Definition
The marches in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory with thousands of the Cherokee dying on the way.
Term
Tariff of Abominations
Definition
An 1828 tariff increase that seemed to Southerners to be enriching the North at their expense.
Term
Whig Party
Definition
The political party formed in 1834 to oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson.
Term
Martin Van Buren
Definition
Democratic candidate when Andrew Jackson could not run.
Term
Pet Banks
Definition
Where federal funds had been deposited.
Term
Stephen F. Austin
Definition
Led the first of several groups of American settlers to a fertile area.
Term
Land Grant
Definition
A gift of public land to an individual or organization.
Term
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Definition
Mexican President at the time.
Term
Texas Revolution
Definition
The 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico.
Term
The Alamo
Definition
A mission and fort in San Antonio, Texas, where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836.
Term
Sam Houston
Definition
Led the Texans in defeating Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
Term
Republic of Texas
Definition
The nation established in 1836 when American settlers in the Mexican province of Tejas declared and fought for their independence, also commonly known at that time as the "Lone Star Republic."
Term
Annex
Definition
To incorporate a territory into an existing political unit.
Term
James K. Polk
Definition
US president at the time.
Term
Zachary Taylor
Definition
American General ordered to march to the Rio Grande and blockade the river.
Term
Stephen Kearny
Definition
Colonel ordered to march from For t Leavenworth, Kansas, across the desert to Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Term
Republic of California
Definition
The nation proclaimed by American settlers in California when they declared their independence from Mexico in 1846.
Term
Republic of California
Definition
The nation proclaimed by American settlers in California when they declared their independence from Mexico in 1846.
Term
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Definition
The treaty ending the US war with Mexico, in which Mexico ceded Cali. and NM to the US.
Term
Gadsen Purchase
Definition
Established the current borders of the lower 48 states.
Term
Forty-niners
Definition
One of the people who migrated to Cali. in search of riches after gold was discovered.
Term
Gold Rush
Definition
A movement of many people to a region in which gold has been discovered.
Term
Abolition
Definition
Movement to end slavery
Term
Emancipation
Definition
The freeing of slaves
Term
Antebellum
Definition
Belonging to the period before the Civil War
Term
Gag Rule
Definition
A rule limiting or preventing debate on an issue.
Term
Secession
Definition
The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union.
Term
Compromise of 1850
Definition
A series of congressional measures intended to settle the major disagreements between free states and slave states.
Term
Fugitive Slave Act
Definition
A law enacted as part of the Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned to bondage.
Term
Popular Sovereignty
Definition
A system in which the residents vote to decide an issue.
Term
Personal Liberty Laws
Definition
Statutes that forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed jury trials for fugitive slaves.
Term
Underground Railroad
Definition
A system of routes along whic runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free states.
Term
Harriet Tubman
Definition
Conductor on the Underground railroad.
Term
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Definition
A best selling novel that portrayed slavery as a great moral evil.
Term
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Definition
A law that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave their residents the right to decide whether to allow slavery.
Term
Dred Scott
Definition
A slave from Missouri who began lawsuit to gain his freedom.
Term
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Definition
A debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas.
Term
John Brown
Definition
He led a band of 21 men into Harpers Ferry and tried to capture the federal arsenal there.
Term
Election of 1860
Definition
Lincoln won the election.
Term
Confederacy
Definition
A confederation formed in 1861 by southern states after their secession from the Union.
Term
Jefferson Davis
Definition
President of the Confederacy
Term
Fort Sumter
Definition
A fort on an island in Charleston. The Battle of Fort Sumter jumpstarted the war.
Term
Anaconda Plan
Definition
A three-part strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War.
Term
Bull Run
Definition
The first major bloodshed of the war. After the Union army gained the upper hand, Confederate reinforcements arrived and turned the tide into a first victory for the South.
Term
Stonewall Jackson
Definition
General Thomas J. Jackson who inspired the Confederate victory at Bull Run.
Term
George McClellan
Definition
General who was appointed by Lincoln to lead the Union army.
Term
Ulysses S. Grant
Definition
Headed a union army invation into western Tennessee. In just 11 days, Grant captured tow major Confederate forts.
Term
Shiloh
Definition
A Tennesse church where the Confederates surprised the Union army, but ended up retreating at the end.
Term
Ironclads
Definition
A new type of warship.
Term
New Weapons
Definition
The rifle, and the minie ball. Also used hand grenades and land mines.
Term
Antietam
Definition
The bloodiest single day battle in American history. Casualties totaled greater than 26,000.
Term
Robert E. Lee
Definition
Became new commander of the Confederate army.
Term
Emancipation Proclamation
Definition
An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines.
Term
Habeas Corpus
Definition
A court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally.
Term
Copperhead
Definition
A Northern Democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Term
Conscription
Definition
The drafting of citizens for military service.
Term
Fort Pillow
Definition
A gruesome massacre where over 200 African American prisoners were killed as they begged for their lives.
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