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Top 200 Midterm
Review from PPT slides ONLY
201
Pharmacology
Graduate
10/13/2009

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Cards

Term
Amlodipine
Definition
Norvasc
Term
Verapamil
Definition
Calan, Isoptin
Term
Diltiazem
Definition
Cardizem
Term
Felodipine
Definition
Plendil
Term
Nefedipine
Definition
Adalet, Procardia
Term
Isosorbide mononitrate
Definition
Imdur
Term
Nitroglycerin
Definition
Nitrodur
Term
CCB - adverse effects
Definition
edema, flushing, headache, fatigue, abdominal pain
Term
angina
Definition
chest pain/discomfort
Term
CCB - mechanism
Definition
blocks Ca++ channels to smooth muscle; decreases force of contraction of heart; decreases heart rate and BP
Term
CCB - FDA indications
Definition
hypertension and angina
Term
CCB - patient consultation
Definition
avoid taking cough/cold OTC meds without contacting MD (short course typically okay for well controlled BP)
Term
Nitroglycerin - FDA indications
Definition
angina, CHF, hypertensive emergencies
Term
Nitroglycerin - patient consultation
Definition
take sublingually every 5 min on the onset of angina, call 911 after 15 min if not subsided; do not crush or chew; stored in glass container
Term
Nitroglycerin - adverse effects
Definition
headache, dizziness, hypotension
Term
Nitroglycerin - mechanism
Definition
vasodilator
Term
Beta 1-receptors - location
Definition
heart
Term
Beta 2-receptors - location
Definition
lungs
Term
Beta-Blockers - mechanism
Definition
blocks adrenaline from binding to beta-receptors, decreases heart rate and blood pressure
Term
Beta 1-receptors - functions
Definition
heart rate, strength of heart beat
Term
Beta 2-receptors - functions
Definition
controls function of smooth muscles in blood vessels, bronchi, and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract
Term
adrenal glands - location
Definition
sit on top of kidneys
Term
adrenal glands - function
Definition
secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline, responsible for fight or flight response
Term
Beta-blockers - FDA indications
Definition
HTN, Angina, Helps prevent additional heart attacks in heart attack patients, Corrects irregular heartbeat, Prevents migraine headaches, Treat tremors
Term
non-selective beta-blockers
Definition
block both beta 1- and beta 2-receptors
Term
Beta-blockers - patient consultation
Definition
Increases skin’s sensitivity to sunlight, diabetes patients: Masks symptoms of hypoglycemia, May cause blood glucose to rise and increase glucose intolerance, take with food to increase absorption
Term
Beta-blockers - adverse effects
Definition
bradycardia, fatigue, dizziness, depression, SOB, nightmares
Term
Atenolol
Definition
Tenormin, beta 1-blocker
Term
Atenolol with Chlorthalidone
Definition
Tenoretic, beta 1-blocker
Term
Metoprolol
Definition
Lopressor, Toprol XL, beta 1-blocker
Term
Bisoprolol with HCTZ
Definition
Ziac, beta 1-blocker
Term
Propranolol
Definition
Inderal, non-selective, used for migraines
Term
Carvedilol
Definition
Coreg, non-selective, slight alpha 1-blocking activity
Term
Labetalol
Definition
Normodyne, Trandate, non-selective with alpha 1-blocking activity
Term
Diuretics - mechanism
Definition
cause the kidneys to remove more sodium and water from the body, this relaxes the blood vessel wall, results in lower BP
Term
Triamterene - mechanism
Definition
Prevents body from absorbing too much salt, Keeps potassium levels from getting too low
Term
Triamterene - adverse effects
Definition
leg cramps (from low levels of potassium)
Term
Triamterene - FDA indications
Definition
Treats fluid retention (edema) in people with: congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, nephrotic syndrome; Used to keep K+ in the body
Term
Hydrochlorothiazide
Definition
HydroDiuril, Thiazide diuretic
Term
Furosemide
Definition
Lasix, Loop diuretic
Term
Triamterene with HCTZ
Definition
Maxzide, Dyazide, (Triamterene is a Potassium sparing diuretic)
Term
Spironolactone
Definition
Aldactone, Potassium sparing
Term
Diuretics - patient consultation
Definition
Take in AM (will be dehydrated if taken at night)
Term
Anti-hypertensives - FDA indications
Definition
lowers and controls BP
Term
Hypertension
Definition
BP that is consistently over 140/90
Term
Top number of BP
Definition
systolic BP
Term
Bottom number of BP
Definition
diastolic BP
Term
BP GOAL of patient with HTN
Definition
less than 140/90
Term
Optimal BP
Definition
120/80
Term
Which is more difficult to control in most patients?
Definition
systolic
Term
Types of Anti-hypertensives covered in class
Definition
ACE inhibitors, Beta-blockers, Diuretics, Calcium Channel Blockers, Alpha 1-receptor Blockers, Alpha 2 agonist, ARBs
Term
ACE
Definition
Angiotension coverting enzyme
Term
ACE inhibitor - mechanism
Definition
block the angiotensin converting enzyme, which prevents the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II; Blocking angiotensin II relaxes and expands blood vessels thus reducing blood pressure
Term
ACE inhibitor - location
Definition
kidneys
Term
ACE inhibitors - FDA indications
Definition
Lowers blood pressure, Treats heart failure, Protects kidneys from damage in patients with diabetes or HTN, Prevention of early death in patients with hypertension
Term
ACE inhibitors - adverse effects
Definition
build up of bradykinin causes cough, can elevate K+ (avoid salt substitutes), dizziness, low BP, headache, Angioedema, can cause birth defects, not for patients with severe renal disease, Q's over interaction with NSAIDs
Term
Lisinopril
Definition
Prinivil, Zestril
Term
Quinapril
Definition
Accupril
Term
Enalapril
Definition
Vasotec
Term
Benazepril
Definition
Lotensin
Term
Fosinopril
Definition
Monopril
Term
Ramipril
Definition
Altace
Term
Captopril
Definition
Capoten
Term
ARB
Definition
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Term
ARB - mechanism
Definition
Like ACE-inhibitors, but blocks EFFECTS of angiotensin II by blocking AT1-receptors
Term
ARB - location
Definition
kidneys
Term
Losartan
Definition
Cozaar
Term
Valsartan
Definition
Diovan
Term
Irbesartan
Definition
Avapro
Term
Candesartan
Definition
Atacand
Term
Olmesartan
Definition
Benicar
Term
Losartan with HCTZ
Definition
Hyzaar
Term
Irbesartan with HCTZ
Definition
Avalide
Term
Alpha 1-receptor blockers - FDA indications
Definition
treatment of HTN and BPH
Term
BPH
Definition
benign prostatic hyperplasia - enlargement of the prostate gland
Term
Alpha 1-receptor blockers - mechanism
Definition
Block the alpha1-receptors of vascular smooth muscle, thus preventing the re-uptake of catecholamines by the smooth muscle cells; This causes vasodilation and allows blood to flow more easily
Term
Alpha 1-receptor blockers - location
Definition
prostate gland
Term
Catecholamines
Definition
Chemical compounds, Circulate in the bloodstream, High levels are associated with stress (high BP, high HR)
Term
Catecholamines - examples
Definition
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
Term
Doxazosin
Definition
Cardura
Term
Terazosin
Definition
Hytrin
Term
Alpha 1-receptor blockers - adverse effects
Definition
palpitations, nausea, headache
Term
Alpha 1-receptor blockers - patient consulatation
Definition
take first dose at bedtime
Term
Alpha 2-agonist - mechanism
Definition
Crosses the blood brain barrier, Selectively stimulates receptors in the brain that monitor catecholamine levels in the blood, Activates an inhibitory neuron that decreases sympathetic outflow, decreases catecholamine production, HR and BP
Term
Clonidine
Definition
Catapres
Term
Clonidine - adverse effects
Definition
dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness, headache
Term
Clonidine - patient consultation
Definition
take with food or milk, Change transdermal skin sites with each application of patch
Term
Clonidine - indications (not FDA-approved)
Definition
migraines, Symptoms associated with menopause or menstrual discomfort, Symptoms of withdrawal associated with alcohol, nicotine, or narcotics, ADHD
Term
bacteriostatic
Definition
prevent bacteria from dividing
Term
bactericidal
Definition
kills bacteria
Term
Penicillin antibiotics - FDA indications
Definition
narrow spectrum, skin, teeth, upper respiratory infections (and others, prevention of infection
Term
Penicillins - adverse effects
Definition
nausea, diarrhea, rash
Term
Penicillins - patient concultation
Definition
take on empty stomach if possible, take at even intervals, finish full course of therapy, decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives
Term
Beta lactam ring - mechanism
Definition
found in antibiotic, binds to bacteria to destroy it
Term
Importance of adding Clavulanic acid to amoxicillin
Definition
The clavulanic acid breaks apart the beta lactamases (proteins that break down beta lactam rings, deactivating antibiotic)
Term
antibiotics that have beta lactam rings
Definition
penicillins and cephalosporins
Term
1st generation cephalosporins (treats gram +)
Definition
Keflex, Duricef
Term
2nd generation cephalosporins (treats gram + and -)
Definition
Ceftin, Cefzil
Term
3rd generation cephalosporins (treats gram + and -)
Definition
Omnicef
Term
cephalosporins - adverse effects
Definition
nausea, diarrhea, hives
Term
cephalosporins - patient consultation
Definition
take on empty stomach if possible, take at even intervals, complete full course of therapy, decreases efficacy of oral contraceptives
Term
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics - factoids
Definition
irreversible nerve damage, Spontaneous tendon damage (especially in those that use systemic corticosteroids)
Term
Fluoroquinolones - adverse effects
Definition
nausea, rash, diarrhea
Term
Fluoroquinolones - patient consultation
Definition
Complete full course of therapy--resistance can develop rapidly, Take with 8oz water, Skin sensitivity to sun, Do not take with antacids, multi-vitamins (separate dose by 2 hours)
Term
Amoxicillin, Penicillin V, Amoxicillin with Clanulanate
Definition
penicillins
Term
amoxicillin
Definition
Amoxil
Term
Amoxicillin with Clavulanate
Definition
Augmentin
Term
Penicillin V
Definition
Veetids
Term
cephalexin, cefuroxime, cefdinir
Definition
Cephalosporins
Term
Cephalexin
Definition
Keflex
Term
Cefuroxime
Definition
Ceftin
Term
Cefdinir
Definition
Omnicef
Term
Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin
Definition
Fluoroquinolones
Term
Ciprofloxacin
Definition
Cipro XR
Term
Levofloxacin
Definition
Levaquin
Term
Moxifloxacin
Definition
Avelox
Term
Which antibiotic suspensions need to be refrigerated?
Definition
penicillins, cephalosporins
Term
Cefadroxil
Definition
Duricef
Term
Macrolides - FDA indications
Definition
Broad spectrum, upper and lower respiratory infections (including pneumonia), skin infections, certain STDs
Term
Azithromycin
Definition
Zithromax
Term
Clarithromycin
Definition
Biaxin
Term
Macrolides - patient consultation
Definition
Can cause stomach upset, take with food if needed, Antacids slow the absorption, Diarrhea can occur in almost 5%
Term
Zithromax - patient consultation
Definition
Take on empty stomach if possible, Do not refrigerate oral suspension
Term
Biaxin - patient consulatation
Definition
Take with food, Do not refrigerate oral suspension
Term
Tetracycline derivatives - FDA indications
Definition
broad spectrum, Upper respiratory infections, acne, pneumonia, skin infections
Term
tetracyclines - patient consultation
Definition
avoid sunlight, take on empty stomach (no dairy, calcium, multi-vitamins, or antacids), do not take when pregnant: causes yellowing of teeth, not for children < 8
Term
doxycycline
Definition
vibramycin
Term
doxycyline - treatment of choice
Definition
RMSF and Lyme Disease
Term
Flagyl/Metrogel - FDA indications
Definition
anaerobic bacterial and protozoal infections
Term
Flagyl/Metrogel - patient education
Definition
if GI upset occurs, take with food; AVOID ALCOHOL: A disulfiram-like reaction may occur
Term
Septra/Bactrim - FDA indications
Definition
urinary tract infections, chronic bronchitis exacerbations, traveler's diarrhea, acne, bronchitis, otitis media
Term
Diflucan - FDA indications
Definition
yeast infections, thrush, meningitis
Term
Tamiflu - FDA indications
Definition
children >1 for treatment of influenza (over 2 days), prophylaxis of influenza, H1N1
Term
Valtrex - FDA indications
Definition
Herpes virus: genital herpes, shingles, cold sores
Term
Bactroban - patient consultation
Definition
Cover area with small film, do not rub in, May cause stinging and pain at site, Report any swelling to physician
Term
mupirocin
Definition
Bactroban
Term
clindamycin
Definition
Cleocin
Term
oseltamivir
Definition
Tamiflu
Term
valacyclovir
Definition
Valtrex
Term
fluconazole
Definition
Diflucan
Term
Sulfamethoxazole with Trimethoprim
Definition
Septra/Bactrim
Term
Metronidazole
Definition
Flagyl/Metrogel
Term
doxycyline
Definition
Vibramycin
Term
minocycline
Definition
Minocin
Term
tetracycline
Definition
Sumycin/Panmycin
Term
clarithromycin
Definition
Biaxin
Term
azithromycin
Definition
Zithromax
Term
Desired level of LDL
Definition
<100 mg/dL
Term
Desired level of HDL
Definition
>40 mg/dL
Term
Desired level of triglycerides
Definition
<150 mg/dL
Term
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Definition
statin-drugs, Lopid, Niaspan, Cholestyramine, Omega 3 and Omega 6 oils
Term
statins - patient education
Definition
pregnancy category X, grapefruit juice: MAY increase plasma concentrations of statins, Contraindicated in patients with acute liver disease and in patients who consume large amounts of alcohol, May elevate LFT (liver function test) levels
Term
statins - FDA indications
Definition
Lower LDL by 30-55%, lower total cholesterol, some reduction in triglycerides and some increase in HDL, lower risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and death
Term
statins - adverse effects
Definition
constipation and muscle pain
Term
Niaspan - general info
Definition
vitamin b-3, found in fish, meat, nuts, eggs, Functions in the digestive system, skin, and nerves
Term
Niaspan - FDA indications
Definition
Often used in combination, lower TG, increase HDL, lower LDL
Term
Niaspan - adverse effects
Definition
major: Flushing
Term
Niaspan - patient education
Definition
take at bedtime with a snack, swallow whole
Term
TriCor - adverse effects
Definition
major: rash
Term
TriCor - FDA indications
Definition
lower LDL and TG, increase HDL
Term
TriCor - patient education
Definition
monitor LFTs periodically
Term
atorvastatin
Definition
Lipitor
Term
simvastatin
Definition
Zocor
Term
pravastatin
Definition
Pravachol
Term
lovastatin
Definition
Mevacor
Term
rosuvastatin
Definition
Crestor
Term
ezetimibe
Definition
Zetia
Term
fenofibrate
Definition
TriCor
Term
niacin
Definition
Niaspan
Term
ezetimibe and simvastatin
Definition
Vytorin
Term
gemfibrozil
Definition
Lopid
Term
NDC number break down
Definition
##### - manufacturer
#### - drug identity
## - package size
Term
How long do patents on a drug last?
Definition
~20 years
Term
How long do trials on a new drug typically last?
Definition
6-8 years
Term
Narcotic
Definition
An addictive drug, such as opium, that reduces pain, alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep or stupor (a daze)
Term
Narcotics - adverse effects
Definition
constipation, abdominal pain, dizziness, drowsiness
Term
common CII medications
Definition
Cocaine, some Codeine products, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, oxycodone
Term
common CIII medications
Definition
Testosterone, Anabolic Steroids, Butalbital (Fiorinal®), Chlorhexadol, hydrocodone
Term
common CIV medicaitons
Definition
Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Phentermine
Term
common CV medications
Definition
Some Codeine products, Diphenoxylate products (Lomotil®), Opium preparations (Kapectolin®)
Term
Maximum adult dose of APAP/day
Definition
4 grams
Term
Lortab - APAP content
Definition
500 mg
Term
Lorcet - APAP content
Definition
650 mg
Term
morphine sulfate
Definition
MS Contin
Term
oxycodone (controlled-release)
Definition
OxyContin
Term
oxycodone (immediate-release)
Definition
OxyIR
Term
oxycodone with APAP
Definition
Percocet, Roxicet, Endocet
Term
hydrocodone with APAP
Definition
Lortab, Lorcet, Vicodin
Term
hydrocodone with ibuprofen
Definition
Vicoprofen
Term
APAP with codeine
Definition
Tylenol with Codeine
Term
propoxyphene napsylate with APAP
Definition
Darvocet-N
Term
tramadol
Definition
Ultram
Term
tramadol with APAP
Definition
Ultracet
Term
butalbital, APAP and caffeine
Definition
Fioricet
Term
Darvocet-N - FDA indications
Definition
Managment of mild to moderate pain
Term
Darvocet-N - adverse effects
Definition
Dizziness, drowsiness, abdominal pain
Term
Lortab/Vicodin - FDA indications
Definition
Relief of moderate to severe pain
Term
Lortab/Vicodin - adverse effects
Definition
Dizziness, bradycardia, drowsiness, abdominal pain, constipation
Term
CIV from drug list
Definition
Darvocet-N
Term
CIII from drug list
Definition
Lortab, Vicoprofen, APAP with Codeine
Term
CII from drug list
Definition
MS Contin, oxycodone, Percocet
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