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Tnedon/Joint/Upper Limb Abnormalities
LA
61
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
09/14/2016

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Cards

Term
What is "contracted tendons"?
Definition
-occurs when soft tissue structures are functionally or mechanically hsorter than the osseous structures
Term
What are the causes og acquired flexural deformities?
Definition
-rapid growth, dietary imbalance, other musculoskeletal injury
Term
Which joints are most often affected with flexural deformities?
Definition
-carpus
-metacarpophalangeal joint: fetlock jt
-distal nterphalangeal joint: coffin joint
-rarely involved rear limbs
Term
What are the clinical signs of flexural deformitis of th fetlock and carpus?
Definition
-Fetlock: SDF = upright fetlocks & DDF = heels elevated off ground
-Carpus: bucked knees to very severe flexion
Term
How do we treat flexural deformities?
Definition
-mild cases: exercise
-splinting (works well): heavy padding, palmar/plantar aspect of limb
-toe extensions: can only owrk in calves that can place the limb
-surgery: superficial/deep flexor tenotomy
Term
What is the prognosis of flexural deformities?
Definition
-good if limb can be manually straightened
-generally better for coffin ljoint or fetlock than carpus
-poor for severe cases
Term
How does location of flexural deformity affect the prognosis?
Definition
-the more proximal it is the worse the prognosis
Term
What are the etiologies behind gastrocnemius rupture?
Definition
-Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D defciency, prolonged recumbency
Term
What does a gastroc rupture look like? Is it usually bilateral or unilateral? Good or poor prognosis?
Definition
-bear weight on entire plantar surface
-may be bilateral
-poor prognosis
Term
Is gastroc rupture more common cattle or horses?
Definition
-horse
Term
What happens with peroneaus tertius rupture?
Definition
-disrupts reciprocal apparatus: allows extension of hock while stifle remains flexed
-can be induced by improper restraint of hind limb with ropes
Term
How do we treat peroneus tertius rupture?
Definition
-stall confinement in calves
Term
What is the etiology behind flexor tendon rupture?
Definition
-traumatic > necrotic
Term
What are the clinical signs of flexor tendon rupture?
Definition
-overextension
Term
What are the treatment options for flexor tendon rupture?
Definition
-correct underlying problem
-surgical repair
-immobilization in slight flexion
Term
What is the etiology behind extensor tendon rupture?
Definition
-traumatic
Term
What are the clinical signs of extensor tendon rupture?
Definition
-overflexion (usually mild)
-/+ knuckling
Term
What are the treatment options for extensor tendon rupture?
Definition
-not necessary for some
-immobilization
Term
What is the most common cause of stifle lameness in adult cattle?
Definition
-cruciate ligament rupture
Term
In which cattle are cruciate ligament ruptures most common?
Definition
-breeding bulls
Term
Describe the characteristic gait resulting from cruciate ligament rupture?
Definition
-avoid flexing stifle, keeping the stifle and hock "fixed"
-bear weight on toe, heel remains elevated
-limb may be abducted during stride
Term
What are the clinical signs of a cruciate ligament rupture?
Definition
-moderate to severe lameness
-significant swelling acute stages
-significant fibrosis in chronic cases
-characteristic gait
-msucle atrophy
Term
How do we diagnose cruciate ligament ruptures?
Definition
-clinical signs
-palpation of stifle while walking
-clicking or knocking sounds
-drawer sign
-radiography
Term
What is it called when you see cruciate ligament rupture on rads?
Definition
-cranial drawer sign
Term
How do we treat cruciate ligament rupture?
Definition
-stall rest for mild cases (partial tears)
-degenerative joint disease will develop
-surgical therapy: joint capsule imbrication, fascia lata graft, Wildcat Power Cord
-salvage
Term
What is the prognosis of cruciate ligament rupture?
Definition
-guarded
Term
What happens during upward fixation of patella?
Definition
-patella dorsal to medial trochlea
Term
Is upward fixation of patella more common in beef or dairy cattle?
Definition
-beef
Term
What is the etiology behind upward fixation of the patella?
Definition
-desmitis: medial patellar ligament
Term
What are the clinical signs of upward fixaiton of patella?
Definition
-intermittent, painless
-limb lock in extension: limb dragged to move forward
-patella returns to normal location: limb jerk forward
Term
How do we treat upward fixation of patella?
Definition
-medial distal patellar desmotomy
Term
What is lateral luxation of patella?
Definition
-defect in calves following dystocia
-femoral nerve injury results in quadriceps atrophy
=recumbency or crouched position if bilateral
-does not rspond to surgery
Term
What is osteochondrosis?
Definition
-defect in endochondral ossification similar to other species
-may result in subchondral bone cysts or dissecting cartilage flaps
Term
In which animals do you see osteochondrosis most commonly?
Definition
-young rapidly growing animals
Term
What is the most common site of osteochondrosis?-
Definition
-lateral trochlear ridge of the femur
Term
How do we diagnose osteochondrosis?
Definition
-intra-articular anesthesia
-radiography
Term
HOw do we treat osteochondrosis?
Definition
-conservative: est ad dietary management
-surgical: arthroscopy
Term
What normally causes coxofemoral luxation in calves?
Definition
-forced extraction
Term
What causes coxofemoral luxation in adults?
Definition
-usually result form falling: Splay Legged
-secondary to: hypocalcemia, calving paralysis, ketosis
Term
Which percentage of coxofemoral luxations are craiodorsal? Caudoventral?
Definition
-craniodorsal approx 75%
-caudoventralappprox 25%
Term
Describe the clinical picture of craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation.
Definition
-generally ambulatory: moderate lameness
-shorter limb: adduction, stifle externally roteded
Term
Describe the clinical pcture of caudoventral coxofemoral luxation.
Definition
-generally recumbent
-longer limb: abduction
Term
What are the clincial signs of coxofemoral luxation?
Definition
-Recumbency: +/- crepitance, limb longer than normal
-If ambulatory: limb externally rotated, toe touching, asymmetry of pelvis
Term
How do we diagnose coxofemoral luxation?
Definition
-history and clinical signs
-evaluate in lateral recumbency with affected limb up
-position on greater trochanter
-crepitance may or may not be rpesent
Term
What do we loop for when assessing the hip jooint for potential coxofemoral luxation?
Definition
-firm pressure over greater trocahnter with palp
-assistant manipulates the limb
-feel abnormal position and motion of greater trochanter
Term
What do we look for on rectal/vaginal palpation for coxofemoral luxation?
Definition
-femoral head cranial to ilium or pubis: cravioventral
-femoral head in obturator foramen: caudoventral
Term
Can we use rads to diagnose coxofemoral luxation?
Definition
-only in SA, small rums, and calves
Term
HOw do we treat LA coxofemoral luxation?
Definition
-femoral head and neck excision: poor choice for most cattle
-closed reduction within 12-24 hours
-open surgical reduction if greater than 24 hours
Term
Describe a closed reduction of a coxofemoral luxaiton.
Definition
-heavy sedation or anesthesia
-lateral ecumbency with affected limb up
-rope around flank tied to solid object
-distract limb using block and tackle or calf jack
-rotate limb to reduce luxation
Term
Describe an open surgical reduction of a LA coxofemoral luxation
Definition
-allows removal of hematoma and torn joint capsule
-can be certain of reduction
Term
What is the prognosis for LA coxofemoral luxation?
Definition
-recumbent animals are poo choice for reduction
-calves better than adults
-many will displace again
-poor chronic cases
-guarded at best
Term
How do you prevent coxofemoral luxaiton?
Definition
-optimal footing
-hobbles: prevents them from doing the splits
Term
When do femoral fractures happen most often in LA? How do we fix them?
Definition
-calves following dytocia or trauma
-surgical repair in calves and euthanasia in adults
Term
Are LA with radial/tibial fractures usually ambulatory?
Definition
-yes
Term
How do we treat radial/tibial fractures in LA?
Definition
-surgical repair in calves
-pin casts or Thomas-Schroeder splin in adults
Term
What usually causes cannon bone fractures in LA?
Definition
-trauma
Term
What is the prognosis of cannon bone fractures in LA?
Definition
-better prognosis with younger animals, less complexity, and depends on location
-poor prognosis if open
Term
How do we treat cannon bone fractures in LA?
Definition
-most commonly use a cast
Term
What kind of virus is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus?
Definition
-lentivirus
Term
How is CAE transmitted?
Definition
-colostrum
Term
What are the causes of CAE?
Definition
-arthritis
-pneumonia
-mastitis
-chronic wasting
-encephalitis
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