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Thought, Language, and Intelligence
Studying thought, language, and Intelligence: terms and definitions.
34
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/19/2010

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Cards

Term
Problems of inducing structure (3)
Definition
the person must discover the relations among the parts of the problem ex: series completion problems and the analogy problems
Term
Problems of arrangement
Definition
the person must arrange the parts in a way that satisfies some criterion. The parts can usually be arranged in many ways, but only one or a few of the arrangements form a solution ex: string problems and anagrams
Term
Problems of transformation
Definition
the person must carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal ex: finding out how a cow can cross a river (logical thinking stuff)- can be really hard
Term
Barriers to effective problem solving (4)
Definition
1) irrelevant information
2) functional fixedness
3) mental set
4) unnecessary constraint
Term
Irrelevant information
Definition
extra information that’s not needed that leads people astray
Term
Functional fixedness
Definition
the tendency to perceive an item in terms of its most common use
Term
Mental set
Definition
exists when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past
Term
Unnecessary constraints
Definition
ex: the nine dot problem people make the unnecessary constraint of thinking that they can’t go outside the box
Term
Apply to problem solving (6)
Definition
1) trial-and-error learning
2) forming subgoals
3) solving problems by analogy
4) schemas and heuristics
5) insight
6) algoithms
Term
Trial and error learning
Definition
involves trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works
Term
Forming subgoals
Definition
intermediate steps toward a solution
Term
Solving problems by analogy
Definition
a similarity between like features of two things, on which a comparison may be base
Term
Schemas
Definition
an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events
Term
Heuristics
Definition

is a guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions

-common sense or experience based

Term
Insight
Definition
occurs when people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while
Term
Algorithms
Definition
is a procedure or formula for solving a problem
Term
Availability heurtistic
Definition
involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
Term
Representativeness heurtistic
Definition
involves basing the estimated probability of an even on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
Term
The confirmation bias
Definition
occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain event happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone
Term
Gambler’s fallacy
Definition
the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently
Term
Intelligence: Binet's intelligence test, why it was developed, for what reason
Definition
A new type of test, developed by Alfred Binet in 1904 to screen French school children for potential academic problems.
Term
WWI History of intelligence testing
Definition
During World War I, the U.S. Army developed two tests that could be group-administered
Term
Army alpha
Definition
is a written test for literate recruits. The Alpha test had eight parts, such as analogies, filling in the missing number, and unscrambling a sentence.   These types of tests have now become common in modern IQ tests.
Term
Army beta
Definition
is a pictorial test for men who were illiterate or who failed the alpha.  The Beta test had seven parts including running a maze, number work and the picture completion task
Term
Problems with standardization
Definition
Standardization means that a test provides a standard of existing norms that can be used to interpret a person’s score, The average score was set at 100 and test scores are distributed in a normal bell-shaped curve with about 68% of scores falling between 85 and 115.
Term
Reliability
Definition
refers to the measurement consistency of a test
Term
Validity
Definition
refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was measure.
Term
IQ tests across cultures - Raven's "Culture-Fair" test & controversy
Definition
Person is given a series of matrices and must complete each by selecting the correct symbol for the available choices.
Term
Intelligence
Definition
Term
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence
Definition
Has to use a mixture of these different types of intelligence. Smart people want to be challenged. Sternberg didn’t do good on a intelligence test when younger and started giving tests to his fellow classmates until he was told to stop. Find what you’re good at and don’t obsess about the things you’re not good at just try to get through them.
Term
Goleman’s emotional intelligence
Definition
“emotional intelligence” – the capacity to be tuned into one’s own emotions and those of others. People with emotional intelligence do well interpersonally, have less frustration, can manage themselves
Term
Gardner’s multiple intelligences
Definition
His theory is that traditional IQ tests measure only one aspect of intelligence, He argues that there are separate mental abilities or “intelligences”
Term
Jacobson and Rosenthal self-fulfilling prophecy study
Definition
They had every student in one class take an IQ test and told the teacher those that do well on this test are those that would achieve more intelligent advances. Then before the school year started they gave the results to the teacher. However they had just picked the names at random and the names they gave the teacher had nothing to do with the test. Then over the year the teacher had expected more out of them thinking that they would be smarter, friendlier, and have better behavior then the others. At the end of the year the whole class took a test again and those that were the teacher’s pets had a greater increase then those who didn’t. The teacher thinking that one group was smarter subconsciously encouraged them more which is self-fulfilling prophecy at work
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