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Thinking and Language
Vocabulary covering important terms from Unit 4
27
Psychology
12th Grade
11/03/2012

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Term
Concept
Definition
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Term
Prototype
Definition
Mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to a prototype is a quick and easy method of sorting items into categories
Term
Algorithm
Definition
Methodical or logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Term
Heuristic
Definition
Simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; more error-prone than algorithms
Term
Insight
Definition
Sudden and novel realization of a solution to a problem
Term
Confirmation Bias
Definition
Tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Term
Fixation
Definition
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Term
Mental Set
Definition
Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way which has been successful in the past
Term
Functional Fixedness
Definition
Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Term
Representativeness Heuristic
Definition
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
Term
Availability Heuristic
Definition
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availibity in memory; if instances come to mind, we presume such events are common
Term
Belief Perseverance
Definition
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Term
Intuition
Definition
Effortless, immediate feeling or thought
Term
Framing
Definition
The way an issue is posed, which can significantly affect how we perceive that issue
Term
Language
Definition
Spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
Term
Phoneme
Definition
Smallest distinctive sound unit
Term
Morpheme
Definition
Smallest unit that carries meaning; ie. a prefix or suffix
Term
Grammar
Definition
System of rules by which we derive meaning
Term
Syntax
Definition
How words are arranged in a sentence
Term
Babbling Stage
Definition
At 4 months, an infant spontaneously utters various sounds unrelated to a specific language
Term
One-word Stage
Definition
At 1-2 years, an infant speaks in single words
Term
Two-word Stage
Definition
At 2 years, a toddler speaks in two word combinations
Term
Telegraphic Speech
Definition
At 2 years, a toddler speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs
Term
Aphasia
Definition
Impairment of language, usually caused by danage to the left hemisphere
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
Area in the left frontal lobe that is involved with speech
Term
Wernicke's Area
Definition
Area in left temporal lobe that is inolved with language comprehension and expression
Term
Linguistic Determinism
Definition
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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