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TheSociological Perspective
Chapter 1
39
Sociology
Undergraduate 4
09/26/2011

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Term

Theory

 

Definition
A statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
Term
Symbolic interactionism
Definition
A theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
Term
functional analysis[fuctionalism]
Definition
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a fuction that, when fulfilled,contributres to society's equilibrium
Term
Conflict theory
Definition
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources
Term
Macro level
Definition
an examination of large scale patterns of society
Term
Micro level
Definition
an examination of small-scale patters of society
Term
Social interaction
Definition
what people do when they are in one another's presence
Term
Nonverbal interaction
Definition
communication without words through gestures, use of space, and silence, and so on
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
a statment of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory
Term
Variables
Definition
a factor though to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (chang) from one case to another
Term
operational definitions
Definition
the way in which a researcher measures a variable
Term
Research method
Definition
one of seven procedures that sociologists use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures
Term
validity
Definition
the extent to which an operational dfiniton measures what it is intended to mesure
Term
reliability
Definition
the extent to which research produces consitent or dependable results
Term
survey
Definition
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
Term
population
Definition
a target group to be studied
Term
sample
Definition
the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied
Term
random sample
Definition
a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study
Term
stratified random sample
Definition
a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone has an equal chance of being included in the research
Term
respondents
Definition
people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaires
Term
closed-ended questions
Definition
questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selevted by the respondents
Term
open-ended questions
Definition
questions that respondents answer in their own words
Term
rapport
Definition
a feeling of trust between researchers and the pople they are studying
Term
participant observation
Definition
research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting
Term
case study
Definition
an analysis of a sigle event, situation, or individual
Term
secondary analysis
Definition
the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers
Term
documents
Definition
in its marrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photographs, movies,Cds, DVDs, and so on
Term
experiments
Definition
the use of control and experimental groups and dependet and independent variables to test causation
Term
experimental group
Definition
the subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independedt variable
Term
control group
Definition
the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable
Term
independent variable
Definition
a factor that causes a chang in another variable, called the dependent variable
Term
dependent variable
Definition
a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable
Term
unobtrusive measures
Definition
ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied
Term
value free
Definition
the view that a socioligist's personal valuesor biases should not influence social research
Term
values
Definition
the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
Term
objectivity
Definition
value neutrality in research
Term
Replication
Definition
the repetiton of a study in prder to test its findings
Term
public sociology
Definition
sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspective (of how things are related to one onother) guiding politicains and policy makers
Term
globalization
Definition
the extensive interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism
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