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Theology Honors Midterm
Higgins
300
Religious Studies
12th Grade
01/16/2009

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Term
Definition of theology
Definition
"critical reflection upon religious beliefs and practices"
Term
theology
Definition
"the study of God"
Term
Gave the classic description of theology
Definition
Anselm of Canterbury
Term
the classic description of theology given by Anselm
Definition
"faith seeking understanding"
Term
Two key sources for guidance
Definition
scripture, tradition
Term
means "accepted"
Definition
canonical
Term
scripture and tradition judge our contemporary beliefs
Definition
traditionalist
Term
scripture and tradition are in a give-and-take with contemporary beliefs
Definition
liberal
Term
contemporary beliefs judge scripture and tradition
Definition
radical
Term
says God exists
Definition
theist
Term
says God does not exist
Definition
atheist
Term
say you are uncertain whether God exists or not
Definition
agnostic
Term
God is not detached from human affairs; God is loving, compassionate, and merciful
Definition
Personal
Term
agreement between God and people
Definition
covenant
Term
means "unveiling"
Definition
revelation
Term
the closeness of God's presence
Definition
immanence
Term
God is the supreme force in the universe, God is the Lord who rules the earth and who will judge the world
Definition
Powerful
Term
God is all powerful
Definition
omnipotence
Term
belief in one God
Definition
monotheism
Term
God has the ability to direct affairs to achieve God's desired end
Definition
providence
Term
emphasizes the difference between God and humanity
Definition
transcendence
Term
God lacks any imperfection
Definition
Perfect
Term
God is morally perfect
Definition
righteousness
Term
God is all-knowing
Definition
omniscience
Term
God does not change
Definition
immutability
Term
required language that preserved unity while acknowledging distinction
Definition
Trinity
Term
philosopher who wrote nothing
Definition
Socrates
Term
philosopher who recorded Socrates
Definition
Plato
Term
philosopher who studied under Plato
Definition
Aristotle
Term
discovering truth, studying to come to a correct understanding of reality
Definition
philosophy
Term
phila/ sophia
Definition
"the love of wisdom"
Term
the first institution of higher learning in the Western world
Definition
the Academy
Term
Plato inscribed these words into his school
Definition
"Let no one without geometry enter here."
Term
the world in which we live, we experience this world through our senses
Definition
sensible world, world of becoming
Term
the world of change
Definition
the world of becoming
Term
above the sensible world
Definition
the world of Forms or Ideas
Term
the world of Forms contains the Forms of which the physical world is merely a _____
Definition
copy or shadow
Term
the world of unchanging reality
Definition
the world of being
Term
the three most important Ideas are:
Definition
the True, the Good, and the Beautiful
Term
things are beautiful in this world to the extent that they _____ in the Idea of Beauty
Definition
participate
Term
Plato's work dealing with the idea state
Definition
The Republic
Term
Plato describes his hierarchical view of reality in two ways
Definition
first is the Divided Line, second is the story of the Cave
Term
one of the targets of Plato's works; they denied the existence of universal truth
Definition
the Sophists
Term
first type of reality by which Plato means reflections or shadows
Definition
"image"
Term
the second type of reality by which Plato means objects
Definition
"thing"
Term
the third type of reality by Plato in which the person makes conclusions based on a set of hypotheses
Definition
mathematics
Term
the fourth type of reality by Plato
Definition
Form
Term
Plato's information about the first and second types of reality is
Definition
opinion
Term
Plato's information about the third and fourth types of reality is
Definition
knowledge
Term
the philosopher's journey away from a lower perception of reality to a higher perception
Definition
metanoia
Term
the ruler in an ideal state would be a
Definition
philosopher-king
Term
___ is material, the ___ is immaterial
Definition
body, soul
Term
knowledge is
Definition
recollection
Term
Socrates teaching a slave boy geometry, actually remembering geometry
Definition
Meno
Term
question and answer, the Socratic method
Definition
dialectic
Term
process of gaining insight
Definition
illumination
Term
examination of the nature of the soul
Definition
psychology
Term
deals with bodily needs, the lowest part of the soul
Definition
appetitive
Term
deals with higher emotions of the soul such as honor
Definition
spirited
Term
deals with the intellect, the highest part of the soul
Definition
rational
Term
the soul is drawn towards its object by ___
Definition
eros/ love
Term
if all parts of the soul properly perform their functions, ____ will result
Definition
justice
Term
the state needs to provide goods to meet the bodily needs of the people - corresponding to the appetitive part of the soul
Definition
producers of goods
Term
the state needs to provide protection from attack - corresponds to the spirited part of the soul
Definition
soldiers
Term
the state needs leadership - corresponds to the rational part of the soul
Definition
rulers
Term
Platonic philosophy influenced some of the New Testament writers, most explicitly found in the letter to the ____
Definition
Hebrews
Term
Cicero's work of how philosophical life is superior to all others
Definition
Hortensius
Term
the universe was created and governed by two principles, one good, the other evil
Definition
dualism
Term
doubts human reason can know the truth
Definition
skeptical
Term
Augustine goes to ____ as professor of rhetoric
Definition
Milan
Term
bishop of Milan in 384
Definition
Ambrose
Term
the leading figure in Platonism
Definition
Plotinus
Term
mother of Augustine
Definition
Monica
Term
Before the death of Augustine's mother, they share a mystical experience at ____
Definition
Ostia
Term
bishop Valerius persuades Augustine to accept ordination in the town of ____
Definition
Hippo
Term
this controversy stems from the consecration of the bishop of Carthage by a bishop who was a "traditor" who handed over sacred books to Roman authorities during times of persecution
Definition
Donatism
Term
Pelagius believed in the moral perfectibility of humans
Definition
Pelagianism
Term
Augustine's work that countered the pagan charge that the Christians bore the blame for Rome's troubles
Definition
The City of God
Term
These people attacked northern Africa, Hippo was under siege
Definition
the Vandals
Term
we may know what the right thing to do is, but we desire to do otherwise
Definition
human will
Term
Schleiermacher is regarded as the ___
Definition
father of modern Liberal Protestant theology
Term
Shleiermacher addressed the ___ of religion in a series of speeches
Definition
"cultured despisers"
Term
orthodoxy
Definition
belief
Term
ethics
Definition
action
Term
Schleiermacher argues that religion primarily concerns the faculty of ___
Definition
feeling
Term
Schleiermacher was heavily influenced by the ____ movement
Definition
Romantic
Term
the intuition that our lives are part of something beyond ourselves
Definition
"immediate self-consciousness"
Term
In Schleiermacher's The Christian Faith, he speaks of this as an experience of ______ on a greater Being
Definition
absolute dependence
Term
present in different cultures
Definition
cross-cultural
Term
appear repeatedly through history
Definition
long-standing
Term
observed by others
Definition
public
Term
results can be duplicated by a second party
Definition
repeatable
Term
experienced only by the individual
Definition
private
Term
the future occurence of which can not be determined
Definition
unique
Term
extraordinary experiences
Definition
conviction
Term
ordinary experiences
Definition
clue
Term
an example of extraordinary experience
Definition
mystical experience
Term
Schleiermacher's first position holds that truth is the property of one religion
Definition
exclusive position
Term
Schleiermacher's second position holds that truth is found in all religions
Definition
inclusive position
Term
according to Kierkegaard, people lacked deep inward ___
Definition
passion
Term
SK is regarded as
Definition
"the father of existentialism"
Term
spoke of humanity as a collective whole and did not recognize the importance of the individual according to SK
Definition
Hegel
Term
pseudonyms
Definition
"the method of indirect communication"
Term
First type of existence which Kierkegaard presents
Life is the uncommitted life, detachment is key
Definition
aesthetic
Term
The second type of existence which Kierkegaard presents
Concerned with choosing to conform to universal moral norms -- involves commitment
Definition
ethical
Term
The third type of existence which Kierkegaard presents
Believes that the ethical stage does not allow sufficient room for the individual to move beyond the universal ethical code
Definition
religious
Term
a case where there was "teleological suspension of the ethical"
Definition
sacrifice of Isaac
Term
in the Kierkegaard's third stage, it maintains that truth is within us
Definition
religion of Socrates
Term
in Kierkegaard's third stage, it maintains that we are in ignorance of the truth
Definition
religion of Jesus Christ
Term
the truth of Christianity is that the eternal God took the form of a humble servant at a particular moment in history
Definition
paradox
Term
movement to faith in the paradox
Definition
leap of faith
Term
religious truth is not simply a matter acquiring the right kind of information -- the person must hold that truth with inward passion
Definition
Truth is subjectivity
Term
correspondence to reality
Definition
truth
Term
significance
Definition
meaning
Term
the claim that belief in God's existence and other truth claims is solely a matter of faith
Definition
fideism
Term
the theologian who was influenced early in his career by Kierkegaard
Definition
Karl Barth
Term
a twentieth-century movement in Protestant theology
Definition
Neo-Orthodoxy
Term
first edition appears in 1919; second and more influential edition appears in 1922
Definition
Romans
Term
1934, Barth and other theologians produced:
Definition
The Barmen Declaration
Term
Barth's multi-volume work which is what he is best known for
Definition
Church Dogmatics
Term
Barth's first way in which his theology breaks with Liberal Protestant tradition:
God does not join our human spirit in the depths of our immediate self-consciousness
Definition
God is "wholly Other"
Term
Barth's second way in which his theology breaks with Liberal Protestant tradition
Definition
Christ is the revelation of God to humanity
Term
Barth's third way in which his theology breaks with Liberal Protestant tradition:
the reasons for why Christians believe what they believe and act the way they act may not make sense to all people
Definition
the Christian life is based on promises of God
Term
Tillich continually insists that God is not a being, but rather is
Definition
Being itself
Term
God is not a being along side other beings, God is the
Definition
ground of our being
Term
one of Tilich's teachings
Definition
Religion is the substance of culture and culture is the form of religion
Term
Tillich always speaks of God as a person's
Definition
ultimate concern
Term
Tillich contends that religious language or language which deals with the depths of being is
Definition
symbolic
Term
Tillich's famous line:
Definition
"God is a symbol for God"
Term
Tillich argued that we needed to relate the symbols of the Christian tradition to the questions of human existence -- this is:
Definition
the method of correlation
Term
Christian theologians during the Enlightenment see their task as establishing the
Definition
reasonableness of Christianity
Term
In Enlightenment, religion is seen by many as:
Definition
socially useful
Term
religion is simply a matter of proper behavior
Definition
religion becomes equated with ethics
Term
There is an Enlightenment acceptance that:
Definition
scientific knowledge is the standard of truth
Term
the political thought developing at this time sees little or no role for religion in teh public forum -- rather :
Definition
religion is a personal or private matter
Term
two influential thinkers in the quest for the historical Jesus
Definition
Ernest Renan, Adolf von Harnack
Term
Renan presented a greatly spiritualized portrait of Jesus in his work:
Definition
The Life of Jesus
Term
Adolf von Harnack presented Jesus as the
Definition
teacher of timeless truths
Term
this man argued that Mark gave a particular structure to received material
Definition
Wilhelm Wrede
Term
Wrede claimed that the author of Mark's gospel invented the
Definition
messianic secret
Term
this raised the question of whether we can learn anything about the historical Jesus
Definition
retrojection
Term
He reviewed the attempts to reconstruct the life of Jesus from Reimarus to Wrede
Definition
Albert Schweitzer
Term
Schweitzer concluded that all had overlooked the ____ dimension of Jesus' teaching
Definition
eschatological
Term
refers to the approach in interpretation in which generally assumes the truth of the literal sense
Definition
pre-critical
Term
refers to the approach in interpretation which looks beyond the text to establish its historical accuracy
Definition
critical
Term
the persons and events mentioned in the Bible actually existed
Definition
literal
Term
the biblical stories could refer to persons and events other than those literally mentioned in the text
Definition
allegorical
Term
a type usually refers to a person or event in the Hebrew Scriptures which foreshadows a person or event in the Christian Scriptures
Definition
typological
Term
the first person to begin the critical study of scripture
Definition
Hermann S. Reimarus
Term
this man rejected both the rationalist and supernaturalist interpretations of scripture
Definition
David Friedrich Strauss
Term
this interpretation explained all Biblical events through natural means
Definition
rationalist
Term
this interpretation stressed Jesus' divine power
Definition
supernaturalist
Term
Strauss argued that the biblical stories were ____ by which he meant a poetic mode of expression which may have a basis in historical truth
Definition
myth
Term
the attempt to recover the person of Jesus from the different biblical sources
Definition
quest for the historical Jesus
Term
Jung maintained that there exists a storehouse of images shared by all humanity, called
Definition
collective unconscious
Term
universal ideas or images
Definition
archetypes
Term
an integration of all of the different elements of one's personality
Definition
individuation
Term
Jung claimed that each person has a _____, a feminine side (creativem gentle, nurturing) and a _____, a masculine side (rational, strength)
Definition
anima, animus
Term
Jung claims that the animalistic side is the
Definition
shadow
Term
this tells something about the state of affairs of the inner and outer life of the person
Definition
image
Term
Jung does not directly speak of God, but he does speak of the
Definition
soul
Term
Bultmann makes the distinction between the _____(the actual person who walked the earth) and the _____(the portrait of Jesus found in the gospels and throughout Christian teaching)
Definition
Jesus of history,
Christ of faith
Term
proclamation of the Word
Definition
kerygma
Term
a recovery of the biblical message and a rerepresentation of that message in language which is meaningful to modern persons
Definition
demythologize
Term
Bultmann's former student
Definition
Ernst Kasemann
Term
this is the attempt to establish within the realm of reasonable probability certain features of Jesus' life and preaching
Definition
new quest
Term
The first book length expression of the new quest is
Definition
Gunther Bornkamm's work, Jesus of Nazareth
Term
those things in the gospels which would have embarrassed the early Christians are probably accurate
Definition
criterion of embarrassment
Term
those things which could not have come from either Judaism or the early church have a high degree of probability
Definition
criterion of dissimilarity
Term
statements which appear in independent sources have as high degree of probability
Definition
criterion of multiple attestation
Term
this would be most represented by fundamentalism
Definition
complete rejection
Term
this would be deism or natural religion
Definition
complete acceptance
Term
science and religion deal with different areas and those two areas are independent of each other
Definition
separate realms
Term
scientific research is amoral
Definition
ethical
Term
challenges science's objectivity
Definition
confrontational
Term
science actually supports religious belief
Definition
corroboration
Term
began with the close of the Thirty Year's War and ended with the French Revolution
Definition
Enlightenment
Term
beginning of the Enlightenment period
Definition
Thirty Year's War
Term
ended the Enlightenment period
Definition
French Revolution
Term
was one of the chief marks of Enlightenment thought
Definition
tolerance
Term
no outside authorities
Definition
reason
Term
unmanipulated by humans
Definition
nature
Term
the motto of Enlightenment
Definition
Have the courage to use your own reason
Term
a religion which all reasonable people would recognize as true
Definition
natural religion
Term
a religion which insists on unique claims of knowledge about God given by special persons or events
Definition
revealed religion
Term
the natural religion movement develops into
Definition
deism
Term
known as "the Father of Deism"
Definition
Lord Herbert Cherbury
Term
wrote Christianity as Old as the Creation
Definition
Matthew Tindal
Term
Matthew Tindal's Christianity as old as the Creation is often called
Definition
the Deist's Bible
Term
religion not in need of additions or deletions
Definition
perfect religion
Term
deism becomes increasingly rationalistic, best represented by
Definition
Voltaire
Term
deism's conception of God is that of the ____ who created the world and set it in motion
Definition
Watchmaker
Term
Locke describes as common sense propositions which we verify in the course of our daily living
Definition
according to reason
Term
Locke distinguishes as that which is in opposition to clearly true ideas
Definition
contrary to reason
Term
Locke distinguishes as statements whose truth can not be determined by reasoning alone
Definition
above reason
Term
for Locke, the reasonableness of revelation is justified on the basis of two points:
Definition
the fulfillment of prophecies and the performance of miracles by Jesus
Term
defined as a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity
Definition
miracles
Term
Hume left orders that after his death his work called _____ should be published
Definition
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Term
In Hume's "Dialogues", there are three characters _____ whose views represent natural religion, ____ whose views represent Protestant orthodoxy, and _____ whose views represent skepticism
Definition
Cleanthes, Demea, Philo
Term
"god" and "justice"
Definition
theodicy
Term
the belief that God is not all-powerful, and the universe is controlled by two forces
Definition
dualism
Term
the belief that God always has and always will be in a conflict with evil
Definition
permanent dualism
Term
the belief that God will one day banish evil
Definition
temporary dualism
Term
the free will defense
Definition
best of all possible worlds argument
Term
associated with the free will defense
Definition
Leibniz
Term
evil resulting from the choices of humans
Definition
moral evil
Term
evil resulting from causes other than human choice
Definition
physical or natural evil
Term
argues that evil presents obstacles and opportunities for moral growth
Definition
Irenaeus
Term
a lack of good
Definition
privation
Term
this holds to God's justice in the midst of a world where unjust events occur
Definition
apocalyptic
Term
the book of ____ deals with question of the suffering of the innocent and ends in some respect calling for human silence in light of the inscrutable ways of God
Definition
Job
Term
blank tablet
Definition
tabula rasa
Term
Kant said that the human mind can gain knowledge of the objects in this world
Definition
the phenomenal world
Term
Kant said that the human mind can not gain knowledge of the
Definition
noumenal world
Term
we can not gain true knowledge about things which are beyond time and space by use of
Definition
pure reason
Term
Kant's second major work was
Definition
The Critique of Practical Reason
Term
the rational faculty concerned with human conduct
Definition
practical reason
Term
logically implied in a given state of affairs, it is a reasonable assumption
Definition
postulate
Term
Kant said all rational beings experience the demands of moral law or
Definition
duty
Term
the fist postulate of practical reason
Definition
human freedom
Term
the supreme good
Definition
summun bonum
Term
rewards the just and punishes the wicked
Definition
immortality of the soul and a God
Term
Kant develops his christological position in his
Definition
Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone
Term
a historical example of moral perfection
Definition
archetype
Term
Kant stated that the existence of God can be neither proven nor disproven by reason or
Definition
I found it necessary to deny knowledge in order to make room for faith
Term
Augustine's approach to God is referred to as the
Definition
Inner Path
Term
a philosophical movement beginning in Vienna between the two world wars known as
Definition
logical positivism
Term
leading representative of logical positivism is
Definition
A. J. Ayer
Term
stated that a statement is meaningful if it is either tautologies or empirically verifiable
Definition
verification principle
Term
statements which must be true by definition
Definition
tautologies
Term
sense experience will confirm or deny the statement
Definition
empirically verifiable
Term
he argued that a statement is only meaningful if it is an assertion
Definition
Antony Flew
Term
can be refuted by some state of affairs
Definition
assertion
Term
traditionally considered the father of modern atheism
Definition
Ludwig Feuerbach
Term
transference of the human essence on to "God"
Definition
projection
Term
self-enstrangement
Definition
alienation
Term
talk about humans
Definition
anthropology
Term
talk about God
Definition
theology
Term
Feuerbach feels that religion is
Definition
the childlike condition of humanity
Term
Nietzsche proclaimed in his work the famous declaration _____...and we have killed him
Definition
God is dead...
Term
for Nietzsche, the fundamental drive of all humans is the
Definition
will to power
Term
Nietzsche divides morality into two types: _____, one which confidently chooses its own values and acts upon them, and _____, which arises out of oppressed classes who resent the masters and label the virtues of the masters as evil and in their place praise power'less ideals.
Definition
master morality,
slave morality
Term
at the heart of the slave morality is _____ of the weak against the strong
Definition
resentment
Term
Nietzsche raises up a new ideal about the _____ who chooses his own values in the absence of any ultimate meaning to history
Definition
Overman or Superman
Term
the belief there is no meaning or moral truth in life
Definition
nihilism
Term
two elements of the human character represented in Greek mythology
Definition
Apollonian, Dionysian
Term
the process in which the Overman decides individually what is the true, the good, and the beautiful
Definition
reevaluation of values
Term
contains those aspects of our personalities of which we are unaware and which we can never know directly
Definition
unconscious
Term
consists of those ideas which are not presently in our consciousness but which can become available to us through ordinary means
Definition
preconscious
Term
that which is currently in our awareness
Definition
conscious
Term
one of the three forces at work in human personality: the primitive instinctual force which seeks immediate satisfaction
Definition
id
Term
id operates according to the
Definition
pleasure principle
Term
the sexual drive and the aggressive drive
Definition
libido
Term
one of the three forces at work in human personality: it delivers the commands of society -- conscience
Definition
super ego
Term
one of the three forces at work in human personality: it regulates the impulses of the id and super ego
Definition
ego
Term
ego operates according to the
Definition
reality principle
Term
energies are re-directed in socially accepted ways
Definition
sublimation
Term
the ego is sometimes unable to mediate adequately the various impulses which results in
Definition
neurosis
Term
irrational fear about particular objects or actions
Definition
phobias
Term
recurring irrational thoughts
Definition
obsessions
Term
boys seek to possess their mothers, but fear castration by his father
Definition
Oedipal conflict
Term
place where Darwin made a number of observations which would explain how evolution takes place
Definition
Galapagos Islands
Term
the survival of the fittest
Definition
natural selection
Term
Darwin concludes that evolution takes place according to the process of natural selection in the
Definition
Origin of Species
Term
Darwin includes humanity in the process of evolution in
Definition
The Descent of Man
Term
Darwin's work obviously contradicted the literal meaning of the creation story and the story of Noah's ark
Definition
Bible
Term
_____ was seen as a heartless machine crushing out of existence of the weak and vulnerable
Definition
Nature
Term
Darwin's work challenged the anthropocentric view of nature and diminished the dignity of _____ by including them in the animal kingdom
Definition
Humans
Term
the aplication of Darwin's theory to social policies regarding the poor and handicapped
Definition
Social Policy: social Darwinism
Term
Pascal came under the influence of _____ a group of strict Augustinians which stressed the corruption of human nature
Definition
Jansenists
Term
Pascal recorded his intense mystical experience in a piece entitled
Definition
Fire
Term
Pascal's notes or thoughts for his systematic defense of Christianity for unbelievers
Definition
Pensees
Term
power of intuition
Definition
heart
Term
Pascal said about the heart
Definition
The heart has its reasons which reason does not know
Term
Pascal's discussion of God presupposes a certain view of humans: they are both ____ and ____, significant and insignificant
Definition
wretched,
great
Term
people occupy ourselves with _____ to avoid our wretchedness
Definition
diversions
Term
a person must bet whether God exists or does not exist
Definition
Pascal's Wager
Term
changelessness
Definition
immutability
Term
process thinkers therefore argue that the primary category for talk about God is not ____, but ____
Definition
being,
becoming
Term
process theologians base their philosophy on the work of the mathematician and philosopher
Definition
Alfred North Whitehead
Term
Whitehead once wrote
Definition
Religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness
Term
God is a ___ whose power is persuasive, not coercive
Definition
lure
Term
a popular French theologian ______ argued that the evolution produced more complex organic structures with greater consciousness
Definition
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
Term
Chardin suggesed that evolution is moving towards an ______
Definition
Omega Point
Term
Whitehead calls God
Definition
the great companion, the fellow-sufferer who understands
Term
primarily a Latin and South American theological movement which deals with unjust social and economic conditions
Definition
liberation theology
Term
male-dominated
Definition
patriarchal
Term
equal relationship between men and women
Definition
egalitarian
Term
Descartes outlines his new approach in philosophy in his
Definition
Meditations on First Philosophy
Term
the study of knowledge
Definition
epistemology
Term
Descartes says that even if he is doubting all things, he knows that he is doubting, the first clear and distinct idea is
Definition
"I think, therefore, I am"
Term
Descartes will accept as true only those ideas which are
Definition
clear and distinct
Term
Cartesian Dualism says that reality is comprised of two substances: ______(its essence is extension), and ______(its essence is mental activity)
Definition
material substance,
thinking substance
Term
at the base of the brain, it unites the two independent substances in humans
Definition
pineal gland
Term
Descartes wished to preserve two central Christian beliefs:
Definition
immortality of the soul,
existence of God
Term
the scientific method of investigation draws conclusions by examining a number of particular cases and formulating a general rule
particular to general
Definition
inductive reasoning
Term
this school of philosophy examines observable data in order to make truth claims
Definition
empiricism
Term
Descartes moves from general to particular
Definition
deductive reasoning
Term
this school of philosophy relies upon the mind to arrive at truth
Definition
rationalism
Term
Descartes shifted the medieval focus on the world to a focus on the individual as the starting point for philosophy
Definition
the turn to the self
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