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The Nervous System
Chapter 7 - the nervous system (A&P)
100
Anatomy
12th Grade
12/17/2013

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Cards

Term
List the General functions of the nervous system
Definition

1. monitor changes in/out of body

2. integration

3. motor output

Term
Integration
Definition
processing and interpreting of sensory input, then deciding a response
Term
Sensory Input
Definition
gathered information from monitoring stimuli
Term
stimuli
Definition
changes in/out of body
Term
motor output
Definition
response involving activation of muscles or glands
Term

Central Nervous System

(CNS)

Definition
brain and spinal cord, occupying the dorsal body cavity, and acting at the integrating/command centers
Term

Peripheral Nervous System

(PNS)

Definition
outside of CNS, mainly spinal and cranial nerves
Term
snesory/afferent division
Definition
convay impulses to the CNS
Term
Somatic sensory fibers
Definition
deliver impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
Term
Visceral sensory fibers
Definition
transmits impulses from visceral organs
Term
motor/efferent division
Definition
carry impulses from CNS to effector organs, muscles, and glands.
Term

Somatic Nervous System

(SNS)

Definition
Division of the motor/efferent nerves: allows concious or voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
Term

Autonomic Nervous System

(ANS)

Definition

division of motor/efferent nerves:

regulates events that are involuntary, like smooth/cardiac muscles and glands.

Term
neuroglia
Definition
many types of "supporting cells" found in the CNS that support, insulate, and protect neurons.
Term
Astrocytes
Definition

-form barrier&exchange b/w neuron and cappilaries

-protet neuron from harmful substances in blood

-control chemical environment in brain by picking up excess ions & released neurotransmitters

Term
Microglia
Definition
dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria
Term
ependymal cells
Definition

line cavities of brain and spinal cord

-cilia helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition

wrap flat extentions tightly around nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating coverings (myelin sheaths)

 

CNS ONLY

Term
Schwann cells
Definition
neuroglia that form myelin sheaths for neurons in the PNS
Term
Satellite cells
Definition
Protective, cushoning cells (neuroglia)
Term
Cell Body
Definition

-Metabolic center of neuron

-containing usual organelles except for centrioles

-rough ER is called Nissl substance, is abundant, and keeps cell's shape.

Term
dendrites
Definition
pick up nerve impulse and conduct the impulse toward the cell body
Term
concussion
Definition
a slight brain injury, resulting in dizziness, of brief loss of consciousness, but no permanent damage.
Term
axon
Definition

(arises from the axon billock)

generate nerve impulse away from cell body

Term
axon terminals
Definition
contain vessicles storing neurotransmitters which are released when stimulated by an impulse
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
gap between axon terminal and the next neuron.
Term
myelin
Definition

-waxy appearance

-procects and insulates fibers

-increases transmission rate of nerve impulses

Term
neurilemma
Definition
cytoplasm of the schwann cell, resting outside the myelin sheath
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
gaps/indentations between schwann cells on axon
Term
what happens to neurons of people with Multiple Sclerosis
Definition
myelin sheath is destroyed, short-circuting the nerve current and the person loses their ability to control muscles
Term
nuclei
Definition
clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
Term
ganglia
Definition
clusters of cell bodies in the PNS
Term
tracts
Definition
bundles of nerve fibers running through the CNS
Term
nerves
Definition
bundles of nerve fibers running through the PNS
Term
white matter
Definition
dense collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)
Term
gray matter
Definition
dense collections of unmyelinated fibers
Term
cutaneous sense organs
Definition
simple type of sensory recptor seen in the skin
Term
proprioceptors
Definition

simple sensory receptors seen in the muscles and tendons

-detect stretch/tension and maintain balance/posture

Term
Pain receptors
Definition

Bare dendrite endings

-lease specialized of cutaneous receptors, also most numerous

Term
association/interneurons neurons
Definition

connect motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways

(cell bodies located in CNS)

Term
multipolar neuron
Definition

multiple processes extend from cell body

(most common - all motor and association)

Term
neural tube
Definition

-First appearance of the CNS

-extends down dorsal median plane of developing embryo

Term
bipolar neuron
Definition

have two processes from cell body: axon and dendrite

(act as sensory receptor cells in eyes and ears - rare in adults)

Term
Unipolar neurons
Definition

Single process emerging from cell body -short and divides into proximal and distal fibers.

(sensory neurons in PNS ganglia)

Term
2 major functional properties of neurons
Definition

1. irritability

2. conductivity

Term
neuron irritability
Definition
ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse
Term
neuron conductivity
Definition
ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, and glands.
Term
plasma membrane of a resting neuron
Definition
polarized, with K+ ions inside and Na+ ions outside
Term
depolarization
Definition
the inside of the neuron is more positively charged than the outside
Term
all-or-none response
Definition
nerve impulse is either propogated over the entire axo, or it doesn't occur at all.
Term
repolarization
Definition

restoration of electrical conditions to a neurons resting state.

(until repolarization occurs, another impulse cannot be conducted)

Term
what factors hinder impulse conduction?
Definition
cold, and continuous pressure.
Term
reflexes
Definition

rapid, predictable, and involuntary responces to stimuli.

(occur over reflex arcs)

Term
autonomic reflexes
Definition
regulate activity of smooth muscle, the heart, and glands. monitor digestion, blood pressure, and sweating.
Term
somatic reflexes
Definition
all reflexes that stimulate skeletal muscles
Term
5 elements of a reflex
Definition

1. sensory receptor

2. afferent neurons

3. integration center

4. effector neurons

5. effector organ

Term
gyri
Definition
elevated ridges of tissue on the cerebral hemispheres
Term
sulci
Definition
shallow grooves separating gyri
Term
fissures
Definition
deep grooves separating large regions of the brain
Term
the longitudinal fissure
Definition
deep groove separating the cerebral hemispheres
Term
cerebral cortex neurons
Definition
responsible for speech, memory, logical and emotional response, consciousness, interpretation, and voluntary movement.
Term
somatic sensory area
Definition
located in parietal lobe, posterior to the central sulcus. interprets impulses from snsory receptors
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
interprets visual impulses
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
interprets auditory stimulus, contains olfactory area
Term
primary motor area
Definition

allows us to conciously move skeletal muscles

(anterior to the central sulcus)

Term
Broca's area
Definition
specializes in the ability to speak
Term
corpus collosum
Definition
connects cerebral hemispheres
Term
diencephalon/interbrain
Definition
sits above the brain stem, composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
Term
thalamus
Definition
a relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex
Term
hypothalamus
Definition

floor of diencephalon. regulates temperature, water balance, and metabolism. regulates pituitary gland.

(center of drives and emotions in limbic system)

Term
mammillary bodies
Definition
reflex centers involved in olfaction (sense of smell). bulge from floor of hypothalamus posterior to the pituitary gland
Term
epithalamus
Definition
forms the roof of the third ventricle. composed of pineal body, and choroid plexus
Term
choroid plexus
Definition

knots of capillaries within each ventricle

(forms cerebrospinal fluid)

Term
brain stem
Definition
composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Term
cerebral aqueduct
Definition
tiny canal traveling through the midbrain connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles
Term
cerebral peduncles
Definition
convey ascending and descending impulses
Term
corpora quadrigemina
Definition
reflex centers involved with vision and hearing
Term
pons
Definition

rounded structures protruding below midbrain

(controls breathing)

Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
merges into spinal cord, regulates vital activities like heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swollowing, and vomiting.
Term
reticular formation
Definition
involved in motor control of cisceral organs.
Term

reticular activating system

(RAS)

Definition
part of reticular formation, plays a role in the sleep/wake cycle. damage could result in a coma
Term
cerebellum
Definition
controls muscle movements, balance, and posture
Term
meninges
Definition
three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures
Term
Dura Mater
Definition

leathery, double-layered membrane where is surrounds the brain. -outermost layer bonds with skull to form periosteum.

-innermost forms meningeal layer and dura mater of spinal cord

Term
arachnoid mater
Definition
weblike middle meningeal layer. attatches to inermost membrane, pia mater
Term
pia mater
Definition
clings to surface of brain and spinal cord
Term

Cerebrospinal Fluid

(CSF)

Definition

-continually formed from blood by the choronoid plexus

-watery cushion that protects nervous tissue from blows and trauma

 

Term
how is CSF different from blood plasma?
Definition
it contains less protein, more vitamin C, and its ion composition is different.
Term
blood-brain barrier
Definition
composed of the least permeable capillaries, allowing only water, glucose, and essential amino acids to pass into the brain.
Term

cerebrovascular accidents

(CVAs)

Definition
commonly called strokes, blood circulation to the brain is blocked by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, causeing vital brain tissue to die.
Term
contusion
Definition
result of marked tissue destruction. depending on the location of damage, the individual may remain concious, or go into a coma lasting from hours to a lifetime
Term
cerebral edema
Definition
swelling of the brain due to inflammatory response to injury
Term

Transient Ischemic Attack

(TIA)

Definition
an incomplete stroke, lasting from 5 to 50 minutes, characterized by numbness, temporary paralysis, and impaired speech.
Term
how many pairs of spinal nerves exist?
Definition

31:

C8, T12, L5, S5, and S1

Term
gray matter of the spinal cord
Definition

looks like a butterfly, or the letter H.

2 posterior projections are the dorsal horns, 2 anterior projections are the ventral horns. gray matter surrounds central canal which contains CSF

Term
endoneurium
Definition
surrounds a single neuron in a nerve
Term
mixed nerves
Definition

nerves carrying both sensory fibers and motor fibers.

(all spinal nerves)

Term
cranial nerves
Definition
12 pairs, most extending to the head and neck, and one pair extending to the abdominal cavity.
Term
sympathetic division
Definition

"fight-or-flight" system, causes increase in heart rate, rapid breathing, sweaty skin, etc.

(works by epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Term
parasympathetic division
Definition
"resting and digesting" system, promoting normal digestion and elimination of waste.
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