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the heart
cardiovascular system
197
Anatomy
12/04/2011
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Term
The heart lies in the
 Definition
mediastinum.
Term
The wall between the atria is the
 Definition
interatrial septum.
Term
The loose-fitting sac around the heart is lined by the
 Definition
parietal pericardium.
Term
The innermost layer of the heart wall is the
 Definition
endocardium.
Term
The functions of the venae cavae include which of the following
 Definition
returning blood to the atria
Term
The skeleton of the heart consists of
 Definition
fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the atrioventricular orifices
Term
Blood returning from the systemic circulation enters the
 Definition
right atrium.
Term
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
 Definition
lungs
Term
Blood is carried away from the heart by
 Definition
artries
Term
The left atrium receives blood from the
 Definition
pulmonary veins.
Term
The atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart is the
 Definition
mitral valve
Term
Blood vessels in the cardiovascular system are subdivided into the
 Definition
systemic and pulmonary circuits.
Term
The semilunar valve of the left side of the heart prevents backflow from the
 Definition
aorta
Term
The tricuspid valve is located
 Definition
between the right atrium and right ventricle
Term
The average pressure in the right ventricle is ________ the pressure in the left ventricle
 Definition
considerably lower than
Term
The function of an atrium is to
 Definition
collect blood.
Term
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart.
 Definition

5. vena cavae

1. right atrium

3. right ventricle

7. pulmonary trunk

8. pulmonary veins

2. left atrium

4. left ventricle

6. aorta
Term
18) The left and right coronary arteries carry blood to the
 Definition
heart.
Term
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
 Definition
lungs.
Term
The heart wall is composed of ________ layers of tissue.
 Definition
three
Term
The three layers of the heart wall are the
 Definition
epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
Term
The cardiac skeleton of the heart functions to
 Definition
physically isolate the muscle fibers of the atria from those of the ventricles.
B) maintain the normal shape of the heart.
C) help distribute the forces of cardiac contraction.
Term
The first blood vessels to branch from the pulmonary trunk are the
 Definition
pulmonary arteries.
Term
Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into the
 Definition
atria.
Term
The marginal artery branches off the
 Definition
right coronary artery.
Term
The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the
 Definition
coronary sinus.
Term
The semilunar valves prevent backflow into the
 Definition
ventricles.
Term
Blood flowing from the left atrium to the left ventricle flows through the ________ valve.
 Definition
A) bicuspid
B) left AV
C) mitral
Term
Blood from the systemic circulation returns to the heart by way of the
 Definition
venae cavae.
Term
The ________ circuit directly supplies blood to the myocardium.
 Definition
coronary
Term
Folding of the valves in the wrong direction is called
 Definition
prolapse.
Term
In rheumatic heart disorder, the bicuspid valves close incompletely, leading to
 Definition
mitral valve prolapse.
Term
The maximum rate of contraction in normal cardiac muscle fibers is ________ per minute.
 Definition
200
Term
Which of the following is true regarding cardiac muscle?
 Definition
Neither summation nor tetany can occur
Term
The ________ of the heart is(are) located in the walls of the ventricles.
 Definition
Purkinje fibers.
Term
The following are various components of the conducting system of the heart:
 Definition

4. SA node

3. AV node

2. AV bundle

5. bundle branches

1. Purkinje cells
Term
Depolarization of the atria is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
 Definition
P wave.
Term
Select the correct order of stimulation in the nodal pathways
 Definition
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers
Term
Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal muscle in the
 Definition
presence of striations.
Term
If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked,
 Definition
the ventricles will beat independently of the atria.
Term
The QRS wave on an ECG tracing represents
 Definition
ventricular depolarization
Term
The T wave of the ECG corresponds to
 Definition
ventricular repolarization.
Term
The second heart sound is heard when
 Definition
the semilunar valves close.
Term
Relaxation of the ventricles is called
 Definition
ventricular diastole.
Term
Which of the following is greater?
 Definition
the conduction velocity along a Purkinje fiber
Term
Under conditions of hypocalcemia,
 Definition
cardiac muscle contraction is weak.
Term
Preload directly determines
 Definition
end diastolic volume.
Term
The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute is
 Definition
cardiac output.
Term
Heart valves open and close because of
 Definition
pressure differences
Term
In which situation would the filling time be the greatest?
 Definition
when heart rate is slow
Term
The amount of blood the heart beats in one contraction is the
 Definition
SV.
Term
The ________ accelerates the heart rate when the walls of the right atrium are stretched.
 Definition
atrial reflex
Term
According to Starling's law of the heart, the cardiac output is directly related to the
 Definition
venous return.
Term
When a chamber fills with blood and is preparing to begin the next cardiac cycle, that chamber is
 Definition
B) in diastole.
C) repolarizing.
Term
During ventricular diastole,
 Definition
the ventricles are relaxed.
Term
Which of the following is longest in duration of time?
 Definition
the refractory period of cardiac muscle
Term
The amount of blood in each ventricle during isovolumetric relaxation is equal to the
 Definition
ESV.
Term
Which of the following is greatest during left ventricular systole?
 Definition
the pressure in the ventricle
Term
The amount of blood in each ventricle during isovolumetric contraction is equal to the
 Definition
EDV.
Term
Cardiac output would be greatest when
 Definition
sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases
Term
The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute is the
 Definition
CO
Term
EDV minus ESV equals
 Definition
SV.
Term
The cardioinhibitory center controls activities of the ________ neurons.
 Definition
parasympathetic
Term
The superior chambers of the heart are called _________________________ and the inferior chambers are the _________________________.
 Definition
atria; ventricles
Term
The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit and passes it to the _________________________.
 Definition
right ventricle
Term
The heart is surrounded by the _________________________ cavity.
 Definition
pericardial
Term
The internal connective tissue network of the heart is called the _________________________.
 Definition
cardiac skeleton
Term
The left border of the heart is formed by the _________________________ and a small portion of the _________________________.
 Definition
left ventricle; left atrium
Term
When arteries connect to one another, it is called an arterial _________________________.
 Definition
anastomosis
Term
The great vessels of the heart are located at the _________________________ of the heart.
 Definition
base
Term
Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called _________________________.
 Definition
intercalated discs
Term
The _________________________ circuit carries blood to and from all parts of the body except the lungs.
 Definition
systemic
Term
Cardiac muscle cells are called _________________________.
 Definition
cardiomyocytes
Term
_________________________ are blood vessels that usually return blood to the heart.
 Definition
Veins
Term
HR x SV = _________________________.
 Definition
CO (cardiac output)
Term
The muscle layer of the heart is the _________________________.
 Definition
myocardium
Term
In a condition called _________________________, the cusps of the bicuspid valve do not close properly.
 Definition
mitral valve prolapse
Term
The property of heart muscle to contract in the absence of neural or hormonal stimulation is called _________________________.
 Definition
automaticity or autorhythmicity
Term
A slower-than-normal heart rate is called _________________________.
 Definition
bradycardia
Term
The period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next is called the _________________________.
 Definition
cardiac cycle
Term
Abnormal patterns of cardiac activity are known as _________________________.
 Definition
arrhythmias
Term
Carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen levels in blood are monitored by receptors called _________________________.
 Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
The amount of muscle stretch during diastole is called the _________________________.
 Definition
preload
Term
The push of blood pressure in the great arteries back toward the heart is called _________________________.
 Definition
afterload
Term
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called _________________________.
 Definition
systole
Term
The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called _________________________.
 Definition
diastole
Term
In a condition called heart _________________________, the heart is unable to maintain an adequate cadriac output
 Definition
failure
Term
The amount of blood returning to the heart is the _________________________.
 Definition
venous return
Term
Atherosclerosis of coronary vessels leads to _________________________.
 Definition
coronary artery disease
Term
The term for reduced blood flow to the cardiac muscle is _________________________.
 Definition
coronary ischemia
Term
A procedure in which a small section of a peripheral vein is used to create a detour around an obstruction in a coronary artery is called _________________________.
 Definition
coronary bypass surgery
Term
The muscular layer of blood vessels is the
 Definition
tunica media.
Term
Compared to veins, arteries
 Definition
are more elastic
Term
The blood vessels that carry blood at the highest pressure are the
 Definition
arteries
Term
The blood vessels that have only a tunica intima are the
 Definition
capillaries.
Term
Which of the following blood vessels hold the greatest volume of blood?
 Definition
veins
Term
Blood flow has the highest velocity in the
 Definition
arteries.
Term
Thick-walled vessels with a large degree of distensibility are called ________ arteries.
 Definition
elastic
Term
The brachial artery would be classified as a(n) ________ artery.
 Definition
muscular
Term
The outermost layer of the arterial wall is the
 Definition
tunica externa
Term
10) Which of the following is lesser amount?
 Definition
the normal blood volume of the venous system
Term
The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the cells and the blood are termed
 Definition
capillaries.
Term
Plasma proteins that remain in the blood capillaries help
 Definition
maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Term
Blood flow through the cardiovascular system is affected by
 Definition
A) pressure differences.
B) the viscosity of the blood.
C) the amount of friction in the blood vessels.
D) the length and diameter of the blood vessels.
Term
Which of the following conditions would completely stop all NET filtration?
 Definition
The blood hydrostatic pressure and the blood osmotic pressure are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
Term
As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries the
 Definition
resistance increases.
Term
Blood pressure increases with
 Definition
A) increased cardiac output.
B) increased peripheral resistance.
C) increased blood volume.
Term
The one-third of the systolic pressure added to diastolic pressure is called the
 Definition
mean arterial pressure
Term
Which of the following is faster?
 Definition
blood flow in the center of a large vessel
Term
Which of the following is a normal pressure within capillaries?
 Definition
20–30 mm Hg
Term
Which of the following is the top number in a blood pressure reading?
 Definition
systolic pressure
Term
Transport mechanisms used by capillaries include
 Definition
A) diffusion.
B) filtration.
C) osmosis.
Term
Swelling of a tissue is due to
 Definition
increased permeability of capillaries.
Term
Blood moves forward through veins
 Definition
A) because the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries.
B) with the aid of contractions of skeletal muscles.
C) with the aid of changes in cavity pressure.
Term
Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow?
 Definition
peripheral resistance
Term
In which of the following would the resistance be least?
 Definition
a vessel 1 cm in diameter
Term
In which of the following would the rate of blood flow be greatest, assuming the same pressure?
 Definition
a vessel 10 microns in diameter
Term
The third and fourth heart sounds are caused by
 Definition
turbulence.
Term
Edema would be likely to form when
 Definition
the heart is an insufficient pump.
Term
Which of the following will cause a decrease in blood pressure?
 Definition
increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
Term
Which of the following changes will result in increased nutrient delivery to a specific tissue?
 Definition
relaxation of precapillary sphincters
Term
Baroreceptors that function in the regulation of blood pressure are located in the
 Definition
carotid sinus.
Term
Blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during
 Definition
ventricular systole.
Term
Angiotensin increases blood pressure by
 Definition
increasing peripheral resistance.
Term
Which of the following factors is most likely to result in an increase in blood pressure?
 Definition
decreased blood flow to the kidneys
Term
________ causes a direct increase in blood volume.
 Definition
ADH
Term
Which of the following is greater?
 Definition
blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases
Term
When a capillary bed decreases in blood flow due to locally high oxygen levels, it is caused by
 Definition
autoregulation
Term
Blood pressure is lowest in which of the following structures?
 Definition
vein
Term
The baroreceptor reflex causes changes in
 Definition
A) blood pressure.
B) stroke volume.
C) heart rate.
D) peripheral resistance.
Term
Pulse pressure is the difference between
 Definition
systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
Term
A decrease in vessel diameter is called
 Definition
vasoconstriction.
Term
Which of the following affects blood pressure indirectly by altering blood volume?
 Definition
changing blood glucose concentration
Term
In response to hemorrhage, there is
 Definition
mobilization of the venous reserve.
Term
Symptoms of shock include
 Definition
A) hypotension.
B) rapid, weak pulse.
C) decreased urine formation.
D) acidosis.
Term
Which of the following is greater?
 Definition
heart rate during cardiovascular shock
Term
Which is a branch of the pulmonary trunk?
 Definition
pulmonary artery
Term
The celiac artery provides blood to the
 Definition
liver and spleen
Term
Which of the following supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract?
 Definition
superior mesenteric artery
Term
An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the
 Definition
vertebral
Term
Blood from the face returns to the heart by way of the
 Definition
external jugular vein.
Term
The pulse point on the wrist is actually the ________ artery.
 Definition
radial
Term
After passing the axilla, the axillary artery becomes the
 Definition
brachial artery.
Term
In the forearm, the brachial artery becomes the
 Definition
ulnar artery
Term
The basilar artery gives off the ________ arteries.
 Definition
posterior cerebral
Term
The internal carotids and the basilar artery are interconnected by an anastomosis called the
 Definition
circle of Willis.
Term
The ________ divides the aorta into a superior thoracic aorta and an inferior abdominal aorta.
 Definition
diaphragm
Term
Near the level of vertebra L4, the aorta branches to form
 Definition
the common iliac arteries.
Term
The lumbar arteries are
 Definition
multiple in number and found exiting the posterolateral abdominal aorta.
Term
The vessel that receives blood from below the diaphragm is the
 Definition
inferior vena cava.
Term
Small veins of the brain empty into the
 Definition
dural sinuses.
Term
The ________ is superficial and runs along the medial upper limb.
 Definition
basilic vein
Term
After receiving the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein becomes the
 Definition
brachiocephalic vein.
Term
The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the
 Definition
superior vena cava.
Term
The two common iliac veins form the
 Definition
inferior vena cava.
Term
Which of the following is a remnant of a fetal blood vessel?
 Definition
igamentum arteriosum
Term
Elderly individuals are more prone to suffer from ________ than younger individuals.
 Definition
A) hypertension
B) venous thrombosis
C) arteriosclerosis
D) problems with the conducting system of the heart
Term
Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include
 Definition
A) smoking.
B) lack of exercise.
C) high-fat diets.
D) obesity.
Term
Vicki has a disabled posterior pituitary. What type of cardiovascular affects might you expect?
 Definition
decreased blood volume
Term
The blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to allow the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues are _________________________.
 Definition
capillaries
Term
_________________________ drain fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the general circulation.
 Definition
Lymphatic vessels
Term
Strong, elastic blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called _________________________.
 Definition
arteries
Term
The smallest vessels of the arterial system are called _________________________.
 Definition
arterioles
Term
Blood flowing out of a capillary bed first enters vessels called _________________________.
 Definition
venules
Term
The force that pulls water INTO a capillary is called _________________________ pressure.
 Definition
osmotic
Term
Diastolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure equals _________________________.
 Definition
mean arterial pressure
Term
The force that pushes fluid out of the capillaries is called _________________________ pressure.
 Definition
hydrostatic
Term
The term _________________________ refers to the pressure in the arterial side of the cardiovascular pressure
 Definition
blood pressure
Term
_________________________ refers to the factors that oppose blood flow in the cardiovascular system.
 Definition
Total peripheral resistance
Term
_________________________ are the distinctive sounds heard during the measurement of blood pressure.
 Definition
Korotkoff's sounds
Term
The instrument used to determine blood pressure is the _________________________.
 Definition
sphygmomanometer
Term
_________________________ is the regulation of blood flow at the tissue level.
 Definition
Autoregulation
Term
In _________________________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and tougher.
 Definition
arteriosclerosis
Term
The condition known as _________________________ is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques in the lining of arteries.
 Definition
atherosclerosis
Term
The largest blood vessels are the _________________________.
 Definition
venae cavae
Term
Supply the name of the missing vein: liver, _________________________, inferior vena cava.
 Definition
hepatic vein
Term
Supply the name of the missing vein: cephalic vein, subclavian vein, _________________________.
 Definition
brachiocephalic vein
Term
The vessel that carries blood to the arm and shoulder is called the _________________________.
 Definition
subclavian artery
Term
The vessel that supplies blood to the head and neck is the _________________________.
 Definition
common carotid artery
Term
The second branch off of the aortic arch is the _________________________.
 Definition
left common cartoid artery
Term
The vessels that supply blood to the diaphragm are the _________________________ arteries.
 Definition
phrenic
Term
The vessel that supplies blood to the brain and spinal cord is called the _________________________.
 Definition
vertebral artery
Term
The vessel that supplies blood to the liver, stomach, and spleen is called the
 Definition
celiac artery
Term
The vessel that supplies blood to the pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine is called the _
 Definition
superior mesenteric artery
Term
The vessel that supplies blood to the arm and shoulder is the _________________________.
 Definition
subclavian artery
Term
The vessel that branches to form a right common carotid artery and a right subclavian artery is the
 Definition
innominate artery or brachiocephalic artery
Term
The vessel that supplies blood to the muscles of the upper arm is the _________________________.
 Definition
brachial artery
Term
The small intestine and most of the large intestine receive blood from the _________________________.
 Definition
superior mesenteric artery
Term
The lower part of the large intestine, including the rectum, receives blood from the
 Definition
inferior mesenteric artery
Term
Ovaries or testes receive a blood supply from the _________________________.
 Definition
gonadal arteries
Term
The kidneys receive blood from the _________________________.
 Definition
renal arteries
Term
The branch of the common iliac artery that serves the leg is the _________________________.
 Definition
external iliac artery
Term
The vessel that collects blood from the overlying structures of the head and neck is the
 Definition
external jugular vein
Term
Blood from the inside of the cranium is drained by the _________________________.
 Definition
internal jugular vein
Term
The _________________________ receives blood from the kidney.
 Definition
renal vein
Term
Blood is drained from the liver by the _________________________.
 Definition
hepatic vein
Term
In a fetus, blood from right atrium skips the right ventricle by passing through the
 Definition
foramen ovale