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The Game of Opoly
CHAPTERS 4, 5, 6, 7
68
Economics
10th Grade
10/18/2009

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Term
market structure
Definition
important features of a market including the # of buyers and sellers; product uniformity across sellers
Term
perfect competition
Definition
a market structure with many fully informed buyers and sellers of an identical product and ease of entry
Term
commodity
Definition
a product that is identical across sellers (i.e. a bushel of wheat)
Term
monopoly
Definition
the sole supplier of a product with no close substitutes
Term
market power
Definition
ability of firm to raise its price without losing all sales to rivals
Term
barriers to entry
Definition
restrictions on the entry of new firms into an industry
Term
monopolistic competition
Definition
market structure with low entry barriers and many firms selling products differentiated enough that each firm's demand curve slopes downward
Term
oligopoly
Definition
market dominated by two firms
undifferentiated: identical products
differentiated: different products
Term
cartel
Definition
group of firms act as a single monopoly
Term
antitrust activity
Definition
promote the market structure that will lead to greater competition reduce anti-competitive behavior
Term
merger
Definition
combination of 2 or more firms to form a single firm
Term
horizontal mergers
Definition
firms in the same market
Term
vertical mergers
Definition
owns everything in the market
Term
conglomerates
Definition
many companies owned by the same person
Term
deregulation
Definition
reduces government regulation
Term
1. # of buyers & sellers
2. product's uniformity
3. ease of entry
4. form of competition
Definition
4 Parts of Market Structure
Term
good things about monopolies
Definition
1. economies of scale; 2. government regulation; 3. keep prices low to avoid regulation; 4. prices low to avoid competition
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
important thinker on economics who wrote The Wealth of Nations
Term
flexible merger policy
Definition
firms can merge more efficiently and competitively
Term
barriers to entry of an oligopoly
Definition
economies of scale; high cost of entry; product differentiation costs (spend $ to show product is different)
Term
when oligopolies collude
Definition
oligopolies agree on a price to divide the market; cartel; this is illegal
Term
problems with cartels
Definition
temptation to cheat; profit of cartels attract competitors; technological change
Term
natural monopoly
Definition
new firms can't sell enough output to enjoy the same economies of scale by an established firm
Term
geographic monopoly
Definition
only business for many miles around
Term
excess capacity
Definition
lower than average costs by selling more
Term
change in consumer....expectations, tastes, number of in market; change in...income, price of substitute good and complementary good
Definition
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMAND
Term
change in producer expectations, number of sellers, technology, goods and resources
Definition
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPPLY
Term
demand
Definition
a relation showing the quantities of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices
Term
law of demand
Definition
quantity varies inversely with price
Term
marginal utility
Definition
the change in total utility resulting in one unit change in consumption of goods
Term
law of diminishing marginal utility
Definition
the more good is consumed, the marginal utility of that good decreases
Term
quantity demanded
Definition
an individual pt on the demand curve
Term
elasticity of demand
Definition
measures the consumers response to a price change
%change in QD/%change in $
Term
total revenue
Definition
$ x QD at that price
Term
tastes
Definition
consumer preferences
Term
movement along a demand curve
Definition
change in QD resulting from a change in the price of the good
Term
shift of a demand curve
Definition
increase or decrease in demand
Term
supply
Definition
a relation showing the quantities of a good producers are willing and able to sell at various prices during a given time pd
Term
law of supply
Definition
the quantity varies directly with the price
Term
elasticity of supply
Definition
%change in QS/%change in price
Term
profit
Definition
=revenue-cost of production
Term
movement along a supply curve
Definition
change in QS resulting from change in price of the good
Term
shift of supply curve
Definition
increase or decrease of in demand resulting from a change in one of the determinants of supply
Term
short run
Definition
a pd in which 1 of the firm's resources is fixed
Term
long run
Definition
a pd during which all of a firm's resources can be varied
Term
marginal product
Definition
the change in total product resulting from a 1-unit change in a particular resource
Term
law of diminishing returns
Definition
as more of a variable resource is added to a given amt of fixed resources, marginal product eventually declines and could become negative
Term
fixed cost
Definition
any production cost that is independent of the firm's output (i.e. rent for a pizza shop)
Term
variable cost
Definition
any production cost that changes as output changes
Term
total cost
Definition
FC + VC= ________
Term
marginal cost
Definition
the change in TC/change in output
Term
marginal revenue
Definition
the change in total revenue from selling another unit of the good
Term
equilibrium
Definition
QD=QS and the market clears
Term
surplus
Definition
QS>QD
Term
shortage
Definition
QS
Term
transaction costs
Definition
the costs of time and info needed to carry out market exchange
Term
disequilibrium
Definition
mismatch btw QD and QS
Term
price floor
Definition
minimum selling price above equilibrium price...leads to a surplus
Term
price ceiling
Definition
maximum selling price is below equilibrium price...leads to shortage
Term
consumer surplus
Definition
difference btw the total amt consumers are willing & able to buy and what they actually pay
Term
Shell Gas Station, BP Gas Station, 7/11
Definition
examples of an undifferentiated oligopoly
Term
Ford, Chrysler, GM
Definition
examples of a differentiated oligopoly
Term
substitute good
Definition
beef::pork as chocolate::peanut butter
example of what?
Term
complementary good
Definition
ketchup::hot dog as caramel::ice cream
example of what?
Term
elastic supply
Definition
a supply greater than one
Term
unit elastic supply
Definition
a supply equal to one
Term
inelastic supply
Definition
a supply less than one
Term
Adam Smith's Invisible Hand
Definition
market prices occur through the voluntary choices of buyers and sellers; buyers and sellers direct resources & products; market competition promotes general welfare
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