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The Digestive System
Digestion, Appetite, Liver and Pancreas
125
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
04/23/2013

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Cards

Term
What are the main structures of the digestive system?
Definition
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Anus
Term
What are the associated structures of the digestive system?
Definition
Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Liver
Term
What is the main function of the digestive system?
Definition
To break down food and alter its structure making its easier to be absorbed by the body
Term
What does the Oral Cavity consist of?
Definition
Lips
Teeth
Gums
Palate
Tongue
Term
What is the main function of the Oral Cavity?
Definition
To manipulate food by chewing it and breaking it down to form a bolus of food which will pass down the oesophagus
Term
What are the three bones which form the rood of the mouth?
Definition
Palatine Bone
Maxilla Bone
Incisive Bone
Term
What is the base of the mouth made up of?
Definition
The left and right mandible
Term
What type of membranes line the cheeks?
Definition
Mucous Membranes
Term
What is the main muscle of mastication?
Definition
Masseter Muscle
Term
What are the three muscles of mastication?
Definition
Temporalis
Digastricus
Masseter
Term
What happens to food once its within the mouth?
Definition
It is broken up and mixed with PTYALIN and AMYLASE in the Saliva
Term
Where is Amylase secreted from?
Definition
Parotid Gland
Term
What does Amylase and Ptyalin initiates?
Definition
Carbohydrate digestion
Term
What connects the midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Definition
Frenulum Linguage
Term
What is the function of the papillae on the tongue?
Definition
Provides surface area around which taste buds are arranged
Term
In cats what way do the tongue papillae point?
Definition
Backwards
Term
Why do tongue papillae point backwards in cats?
Definition
Aid in grooming and help control the food within the mouth
Term
What are the main functions of the tongue?
Definition
Manipulation of food
Taste
Grooming
Thermoregulation
Term
What is the purpose of saliva?
Definition
Lubricates food making it easier to swallow
Keeps mouth moist
Initiates carbohydrate digestion
Term
What is the make up of saliva?
Definition
99% water and 1% mucous
Term
What are the four pairs of salivary glands?
Definition
Parotid
Zygomatic
Submandibular
Sublingual
Term
Is the production of saliva continuous, yes or no?
Definition
Yes
Term
What are the four types of teeth?
Definition
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Term
What is the gap between the canines and molars called in herbivores?
Definition
Diastema
Term
What is the function of incisors?
Definition
Nibbling
Cutting
Term
What is the function of canines?
Definition
Holding Prey
Term
What are the functions of the pre-molars?
Definition
Shearing
Grinding
Term
What is are the functions of molars?
Definition
Shearing
Grinding
Term
How many roots do the molars have?
Definition
3
Term
How many roots do the pre-molars have?
Definition
2-3
Term
Which teeth have only one root?
Definition
Incisors and Canines
Term
What are the differences between deciduous teeth and permanent teeth?
Definition
Deciduous are present from birth and erupt in the first few months of life are smaller and whiter than premanent teeth and are replaced by permanent teeth in the first 8 months of life
Term
Define: Diphydont
Definition
Juvenile and Mature sets of teeth erupt and roots close
Term
Define: Radicular Hypsodont
Definition
Tooth crow erupts throughout life and the roots close
Term
Define: Aradicular Hypsodont
Definition
Continuous tooth growth throughout life and roots remain open
Term
What is the dental formula for puppy teeth?
Definition
3130
3130
Term
What is the dental formula for adult dogs?
Definition
3142
3142
Term
What is the dental formula for kitten teeth?
Definition
3130
3120
Term
What is the dental formula for adult cats?
Definition
3131
3121
Term
What is the dental formula for rabbits?
Definition
2033
1023
Term
What is the dental formula for guinea pigs?
Definition
1013
1013
Term
What is the dental formula for rodents?
Definition
1003
1003
Term
What is the dental formula for ferrets?
Definition
3131
3132
Term
What is the dental formula for foals?
Definition
303
303
Term
What is the dental formula for adult horses?
Definition
3(1)3-43
3(1)3 3
Term
What is dental formula for deciduous ruminants?
Definition
003
313
Term
What is the permanent dental formula for ruminants?
Definition
0033
3133
Term
What is the function of the pharynx?
Definition
To convey food from the oral cavity to the oesophagus by swallowing
Term
What is the technical term for swallowing ?
Definition
Deglutition
Term
Describe the process of swallowing?
Definition
food is formed into a bolus and passed to the back of the mouth, the walls of the pharynx contract and push the bolus towards the oesophagus as this happens the epiglottis closes to prevent food entering the larynx, the pharynx opens and the tongue pushes the food into the pharynx, peristalsis occurs and the epiglottis falls open
Term
Where is the stomach found?
Definition
Left cranial abdomen behind the diaphragm
Term
What is the outer wall of the stomach made up of?
Definition
three layers of smooth muscle
Term
What happens when the three layers of smooth muscle contract?
Definition
mixing of the ingested food and digestive secretions
Term
The gastric mucosa is folded to from the...?
Definition
Rugae
Term
What is the purpose of the Rugae?
Definition
Enables the stomach to stretch and contains the gastric pits
Term
What is the food turned into in the stomach?
Definition
Acidic Chyme
Term
What are the two spinchters in the stomach?
Definition
Cardiac Spinchter
Pyloric Spinchter
Term
What supports the intestines?
Definition
Mesentery
Term
What is the intestines a major site for?
Definition
Enzymatic digestion and absorption
Term
What is the name for where the small intestines meets the large intestines?
Definition
Ileo-Caecal Junction
Term
What is the function of the Ileo-Caecal Junction?
Definition
Breaks down cellulose in herbivores
Term
What are the three sections of small intestines?
Definition
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Term
Where does the duodenum receive secretions from?
Definition
The pancreas via the pancreatic duct
The gall bladder via the common bile duct
Term
What glands are found in the walls of the small intestines?
Definition
Brunners Glands
Term
What the brunners glands secrete?
Definition
Succus Entericus
Term
What is the function of the Duodenum?
Definition
Digestion
Term
What is the function of the Jejunum?
Definition
Proximal Section - Digestion
Distal Section - Absorption
Term
What are within the walls of the ileum?
Definition
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Term
What is the function of the Ileum?
Definition
Absorption of electrolytes and products of digestion
Term
In the intestinal wall the epithelium is folded into?
Definition
Lots of tiny villi
Term
From each epithelial cells in the intestinal wall there is a ...?
Definition
Brush border of microvilli
Term
What is the functions of Villi and Microvilli?
Definition
To increase the surface area for absorption
Term
What is located between the villi?
Definition
Small openings containing intestinal glands which secrete enzymes and mucous
Term
What is inside each villi?
Definition
A capillary network
A lymphatic capillary
Term
What is the purpose of the capillary network within the villi?
Definition
To carry digested proteins and carbohydrates to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
Term
What is the purpose of the lymphatic capillary within the villi?
Definition
To carry chyle to product of fat digestion to the cisterna chyli and then into the systemic circulation
Term
Where is the pancreas located?
Definition
In the dorsal abdomen in between the two arms of the duodenum
Term
Where is the gall bladder located?
Definition
In between the lobes of the liver
Term
What does the gall bladder collect from the Liver?
Definition
Bile
Term
Why is bile yellowy green?
Definition
due to the pigment bilirubin
Term
What does bile contain and what is it needed for?
Definition
contains bile salts needed to emulsify fats
Term
What are the two stages of digestion?
Definition
Mechanial - chewing
Chemical - digestive enzymes, acid and bile
Term
What do proteins break down into?
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
What do fats break down into?
Definition
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Term
What do Carbohydrates break down into?
Definition
Glucose and simple sugars
Term
What hormone initiates the secretion of gastric secretion?
Definition
Gastrin
Term
What stimulates the release of Gastrin?
Definition
Distension of the stomach
Term
What cells produce Mucus?
Definition
Goblet Cells
Term
What is the function of Mucus?
Definition
To lubricate food and prevent auto digestion of the gastric mucosa
Term
What cells produce Hydrochloric Acid?
Definition
Parietal Cells
Term
What is the function of Hydrochloric Acid?
Definition
Denature protein and kill harmful bacteria and convert pepsinogen to pepsin
Term
What cells produce Pepsinogen?
Definition
Chief Cells
Term
What is secreted into the small intestine?
Definition
Bile from the Liver
Pancreatic Juices
Intestinal Juices
Term
What is Bile essential for?
Definition
Breakdown of Fats
Term
What are the two components of Bile?
Definition
Bile Acids
Bile Pigments
Term
What is the function of Bile?
Definition
To break down the surface tension between fats and water so that fats are broken down into smaller droplets forming a emulsion making it easier for enzymes to work
Term
What enzyme does bile activate?
Definition
Lipase
Term
What is Bilirubin produced from?
Definition
It is produced from the break down of RBC's
Term
What stimulates the pancreatic juices to be produced?
Definition
Gastrin and Cholecystokinin
Term
Are Pancreatic Juices acidic or alkaline?
Definition
Alkaline
Term
Why are the pancreatic juices alkaline?
Definition
To neutralise acidity of chyme from the stomach and to provide a suitable environment for pancreatic enzymes to work
Term
What is the function of bicarbonate?
Definition
Neutralise acidic environment
Stop action of pepsin
enable intestinal digestive enzymes to act
Term
What converts trypsinogen into active tryspin?
Definition
Enterokinase in the succus entericus
Term
What is the function of Trypsin?
Definition
Breakdown peptides and proteins into amino acids
Term
Function of Lipase?
Definition
Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Term
Function of Amylase?
Definition
Break down starches into maltose
Term
What is the function of intestinal juices?
Definition
To convert some inactive pancreatic enzymes into active forms
Term
What are the intestinal juices produced in response to?
Definition
Secretin (Hormone)
Term
When is secretin released in the digestive process?
Definition
In response to chyme passing through the pyloric sphincter
Term
Where are water, electrolytes and water soluble vitamins absorbed?
Definition
In the Large Intestines
Term
What cells does the large intestines contain to most of and what do they produce?
Definition
Goblets Cells to produce mucus
Term
What is the purpose of mucus in the large intestines?
Definition
To lubricate the faeces
Term
What are the main functions of the large intestines?
Definition
To compact faeces
To store faeces
To expel waste
Term
What are the sections of the large intestines called?
Definition
Caecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Rectum
Anus
Term
What is the function of the Caecum?
Definition
In herbivores its acts as site of bacterial breakdown of vegetation
Term
What is the function of the Rectum?
Definition
Store faeces prior to defecation
Term
What type of control is the internal anal sphincter under?
Definition
Involuntary control
Term
What type of control is the external anal sphincter under?
Definition
Voluntary Control
Term
Where are the anal sacs found?
Definition
Between the internal and external sphincter
Term
Where is the Liver located?
Definition
Against the diaphragm, cranially and to the right of the stomach
Term
What is the correct term for a liver cell?
Definition
Hepatocyte
Term
What are the functions of the Liver?
Definition
Protein Metabolism
Urea Formation
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Fat Metabolism
Production and secretion of bile
Vitamin Storage
Detoxification and conjugation of steroid hormones
Thermoregulation
Iron Storage
Gluconeogenesis
Term
Where does the liver receive its blood from?
Definition
Hepatic Artery
Hepatic Portal Vein
Term
What is the point of the Hepatic Portal System?
Definition
To ensures that the products of digestion absorbed into the blood system travel to the liver before they reach the systemic circulation
Term
What are the functions of the Hepatic Portal System?
Definition
Traps and destroys toxins in blood
Allows liver to get first access to products of digestion
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