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The Components of the System Unit
From Discovering Computers 2012 Shelly/Vermaat Chapter 4
202
Computer Science
Undergraduate 1
06/25/2013

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Term
2 GB - 8 GB of RAM is usually for?
Definition
users requiring more advanced multimedia capabilities; running number-intensive accounting, financing or spreadsheet programs; voice recognition; working w/ videos, music/digital imaging; creating Web sites; video conferencing; playing internet games
Term
2GB or less RAM is usually used for?
Definition
home/business users managing personal finances; using standard app software like word processing; using educational/entertainment optical discs; and communicating w/ others on the Web
Term
4 operations of the machine cycle
Definition

1) fetching

2) decoding

3) executing

4) storing (if necessary)

Term
8 GB and more RAM is usually used for?
Definition
creating professional Web sites; running sophisticated CAD, 3-D design or other graphic-intensive software
Term
AC adapter
Definition
an external power supply one end in wall outlet (AC power) and other end to a peripheral (DC power)
Term
AGP
Definition
by Intel and improves the transmission speed of 3-D graphics/video and is a dedicated interface between video card/memory stands for accelerated graphics port
Term
ALU
Definition
arithmetic logic unit
Term

ASCII

(ASK-ee)

Definition
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Term
ATC is?
Definition
a type of L2 cache built-in to the processor chip and makes the processor much faster
Term
ATC stands for?
Definition
advanced transfer cache
Term
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Definition
most widely used coding scheme to represent data used for English/Western European languages but not large enough for Asian/other languages that use different alphabets
Term
BSB
Definition
backside bus connects the processor to the cache
Term
Bluetooth wireless port adapter
Definition
for devices that are not bluetooth enabled and converts an existing USB port into a bluetooth port
Term
CMOS is?
Definition
a high speed/low power technology that uses battery power to retain info even when the computer is off and is used by RAM chips, flash memory chips and other memory chips
Term
CMOS stands for?
Definition
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Term
CPU
Definition
central processing unit
Term
CableCARD
Definition
an adapter card that allows viewing of digital cable tv channels
Term
DDR2
Definition
2nd gen DDR and faster than DDR
Term
DDR3
Definition
3rd gen DDR and is faster than DDR2 designed for multi-core processors
Term
DRAM stands for?
Definition
dynamic RAM
Term
DVI
Definition
digital video interface
Term
Disk controller
Definition
an adapter card that connects disk drives
Term
Double Data Rate SDRAM
Definition
transfers date twice for each clock cycle and faster than SDRAM
Term
EEPROM is?
Definition
a type of PROM chip that allows the programmer to erase the microcode w/an elctric signal
Term
EEPROM stands for?
Definition
electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
Term
ExpressCard module
Definition
the next gen of the PC Card and about half the size and can be used as a removable flash memory device, to add memory, for communications/multimedia or for security capabilities
Term
ExpressCard slot
Definition
a special type of expansion slot that hold an ExpressCard module
Term
FSB
Definition
another term for the system bus is front side bus
Term
FireWire
Definition
an adapter card the connects to FireWire devices
Term
FireWire hub
Definition
a device that plugs into it's matching port on a system unit and contains multiple ports adding extra matching ports
Term
FireWire port
Definition
like a USB port and can connect up to 63 devices
Term
GB
Definition
gigabyte
Term
GB = how many bytes?
Definition
1073741824 or simply 1 billion
Term
GHz
Definition
gigahertz
Term
HDTV tuner
Definition
an adapter card that allows viewing of HDTV broadcasts on the monitor
Term

How many pages of text approximately correspond to the following:

KB? MB? GB? TB?

Definition

1/2

500

500,000

500,000,000

Term
IEEE 1394 port
Definition
the old term for FireWire port
Term
Intel Centrino 2
Definition
processor with mobile technology that integrates wireless functionality in notebooks/tablets
Term
Intel Core family
Definition
high-performance processor chips
Term
Intel Pentium/Celeron family
Definition
less expensive/basic
Term
Intel Xeon/Itanium
Definition
ideal for workstations/low-end servers
Term
IrDA port
Definition
infrared data association ports transmit data via infrared light waves
Term
KB or K
Definition
kilobyte
Term
KB or K = how many bytes?
Definition
1024 or simplified as 1000
Term
L1 cache
Definition
built-in to the processor chip and usually has a small capacity from 8KB-128KB
Term
L2 cache
Definition
slightly slower than L1 but w/ larger capacity 64KB-16MB and is the most common type of cache among users
Term
L3 cache
Definition

is on the motherboard and is separate form the processor chip and it only exists on computers that use L2 ATC is

8 MB-24 MB

Term
MB
Definition
megabyte
Term
MB = how many bytes?
Definition
1048576 or simply 1 million
Term
MIDI
Definition
an adapter card that connects musical instruments
Term
MIDI port
Definition
a special type of serial port that connects the system unit to a musical instrument
Term
MRAM stands for?
Definition
magnetoresistive RAM
Term
Memory stores 3 basic categories of items:
Definition
OS/other system software that control/maintain the computer/devices; application programs for specific tasks like word processing; data being processed by application programs/the resulting info
Term
Modem
Definition
an adapter card that connects multiple computers through telephone lines, cable tv lines or other transmission media
Term
Name 3 OS that use unicode?
Definition
Windows, Mac OS and Linux
Term
Network
Definition
an adapter card that connects multiple computers and peripherals
Term
PC Card
Definition
a thin credit card sized removable flash memory device that primarily functions to enable notebook/tablet PCs to wirelessly access the internet
Term
PC Card bus
Definition
the expansion bus for a PC Card that travels from the PC Card to the PCI bus
Term
PC Card slot
Definition
a special type of expansion slot that holds a PC Card
Term
PC-to-TV converter
Definition
an adapter card that connects a tv
Term
PCI bus
Definition
a high speed expansion bus that connects higher speed devices peripheral component interconnect
Term
PCIe
Definition
2x the speed of predecessor PCI and most commonly used today for video cards the e is for express
Term
PROM is?
Definition
a blank ROM chip where a program can write permanently and functions like a regular ROM chip after the programmer writes code to it
Term
PROM stands for?
Definition
programmable read-only memory
Term
Plug and Play
Definition
a technology that enables a computer to automatically configure adapter cards / other peripherals as they are installed so you can plug in a device, turn on computer and immediately use the device
Term
RAM is what type of memory?
Definition
most common type of volatile or temporary memory
Term
RAM stands for?
Definition
random access memory or main memory
Term
ROM is?
Definition
nonvolatile memory chips that store permanent data/instructions that usually cannot be modified "read-only"
Term
ROM stands for?
Definition
read-only memory
Term
ROM, flash memory and CMOS are what type of memory?
Definition
nonvolatile or permanent memory
Term
Rambus DRAM
Definition
uses pipelining techniques and is much faster than SDRAM
Term
SAS
Definition
serial-attached SCSI and is a newer faster version
Term
SCSI port
Definition
a special high speed parallel port that allows you to attach peripherals like disk drives/printers
Term
SRAM stands for?
Definition
static RAM
Term
Sound card
Definition
an adapter card taht connects speakers of microphones
Term
Synchronous DRAM
Definition
synchronized to the system clock and much faster than DRAM
Term
TB
Definition
terabyte
Term
TB = how many bytes?
Definition
1099511627776 or simply 1 trillion
Term
TV tuner
Definition
an adapter card that allows viewing of tv channels on the monitor
Term

The types of RAM from slowest/lowest capability to fastest/highest capability?

 

Definition

DRAM-->SDRAM-->DDR SDRAM-->DDR2

-->DDR3-->RDRAM-->SRAM-->MRAM 

Term
ULV
Definition
ultra low voltage
Term
ULV processor
Definition
does not require additional cooling due to it's low power demands and is used in some mobile computers/devices
Term

USB / FireWire

vs

expansion slots

Definition
the buses eliminate the need to install cards by allowing the devices to connect to each other outside the system unit and then to the port
Term
USB 2.0
Definition
40x faster than original
Term
USB 3.0
Definition
50x faster than original
Term
USB card
Definition
an adapter card that connects to USB devices
Term
USB flash drive
Definition
a flash memory storage device that plugs in a USB port
Term
USB hub
Definition
a device that plugs into the USB port that contains multiple USB ports adding more ports to the system unit
Term
USB port
Definition
can connect 127 peripherals with a single connector
Term
USB stands for?
Definition
universal serial bus
Term
Unicode-enabled programming languages/software include:
Definition
Java, XML, Microsoft Office and Oracle
Term
Video capture card
Definition
an adapter card that connects an analog video camera or VCR
Term
Video card
Definition
an adaper card that connects to a monitor
Term

What are the 3 types of memory cache?

 

Definition

L1

L2

L3

Term


What does the digit zero represent in the binary system?

 

Definition
the electronic state of off or the absence of electric charge
Term

What does the digit one represent in the binary system?
Definition
the electronic state of on or the presence of electric charge
Term
What is DRAM?
Definition
one of the three basic types of RAM that consists of memory chips that must be constantly re-enegized or they lose contents there are specific types as well
Term
What is MRAM?
Definition
a basic type of RAM that stores data using magnetic charges instead of electrical charges and retains contents when computer is turned off
Term
What is RAM?
Definition
memory chips that ban be read from/written to by the processor/other devices
Term
What is SRAM?
Definition
a basic type of RAM that consists of chips that do not have to be constantly re-energized and so are faster, more reliable and more expensive than DRAM
Term
Who are the 2 leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips?
Definition
AMD and Intel
Term
Windows ReadyBoost
Definition
allocates available storage space on removable flash memory devices as additional cache
Term
access time
Definition
the amount of time it takes the processor to read data, instuctions/info from memory
Term
adapter card
Definition
a circuit board that enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals
Term

address

(re: bytes)

Definition
a temporary location in memory
Term
address bus
Definition
used to transfer info about where data should reside in memory
Term
analog communication
Definition
usues continuous (wave form) signals varying in strength/quality like human speech
Term
arithmetic logic unit
Definition
part of the processor that performs calculations on the data in memory including basic arithmetic and comparisons
Term
arithmetic operations
Definition
include basic calculations +, -, /, x
Term
bay
Definition
an opening in the system unit where you can install additional equipment unlike a slot on motherboard which is for installing adapter cards
Term
binary digit
Definition
smallest unit of data a computer can process represented by the digits 0 and 1
Term
binary system
Definition
the digital communication system of the digits 0 and 1
Term
bit
Definition
short for binary digit
Term
bluetooth
Definition
technology that uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit data between two devices up to 33feet apart
Term
bus
Definition
an analog computer channel that bits transfer along within it's circuitry and allow various devices inside/attached to the system unit to communicate with each other
Term
bus width
Definition
the size of a bus determined by the number of bits the computer can transmit at one time ex: 32bit bus can do 4bytes at a time
Term
byte
Definition
8 bits grouped as a unit providing enough different combos of 0's and 1's to represent 256 characters (#'s, uppercase/lowercase letters, punctuation, symbols and the Greek alphabet)
Term
cache
Definition
improves the processing time of computers and there are two types memory and disk
Term
central processing unit
Definition
or processor interprets/carries out basic instructions that operate computers it manages most of a computer's operations
Term
chassis
Definition
the case of a system unit and is made of metal or plastic and protects the internal electronic components from damage
Term
chip
Definition
a small piece of semi-conducting material, usually silicon on which integrated circuits are etched
Term
clock cycle
Definition
each tick or electronic pulse created by the system clock to set the pace of the components in the system unit
Term
clock speed
Definition
the pace of the system clock measured in ticks per second
Term
coding scheme
Definition

the pattern of 0's and 1's that represent characters

ex: the number 4 is 00110100

Term
comparison operations
Definition
involves comparing data to determine <, > or =
Term
connector
Definition
the joiner of a cable to a port
Term
control unit
Definition
a part of the processor that interprets/executes instruction in memory it directs/coordinates most of the computer's operations
Term
data bus
Definition
used to transfer actual data
Term
decoding
Definition
the process of translating the instruction into signals the computer can execute
Term
digital communication
Definition
recognizes only two states: on/off just like in electricity so it makes sense it is used by electronic devices
Term
docking station
Definition
an external device that attaches to a mobile computer/device, contains a power connection and provides conncetions to peripherals and usually includes slots for memory cards and optical disc drives and other devices
Term
drive bay
Definition
a rectangular opening that usually holds disk drives
Term
dual inline memory module
Definition
has pins on opposite sides of the circuit board that do not connect and form two sets of contacts and holds SDRAM chips
Term
dual-core processor
Definition
a common multi-core processor w/2 separate cores
Term
eSATA port
Definition
external serial advanced technology attachment port allows you to connect external hard disk to a computer and provides up to 6x faster speeds than connecting w/ USB and FireWire
Term
executing
Definition
the process of carrying out commands
Term
expansion bus
Definition
allows the processor to communicate w/the peripherals
Term
expansion card
Definition
another term for adapter card
Term
expansion slot
Definition
a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card
Term
external bay
Definition
allows users to access bay openings from outside the system unit
Term
fast infrared port
Definition
a high-speed IrDA port
Term
fetching
Definition
the process of obtaining a program instruction or data item from memory
Term
firmware
Definition
ROM chips w/permanent written data, instruction or info from the manufacturer
Term
flash memory
Definition
nonvolatile memory that can be electronically erased/rewritten (similar to EEPROM) commonly holding startup instructions on most computers
Term
form factor
Definition
the size/shape of the desktop personal computer system unit
Term
gender changer
Definition
a device that enables you to join a port/connector that are either both female or both male
Term
gigahertz
Definition

prefix=billion

suffix=one cycle per second

prefix + suffix = one billion ticks of the system clock per second

Term
graphics card
Definition
another term for video card
Term
heat pipe
Definition
a smaller device than the heat sink that serves the same function but takes up less space
Term
heat sink
Definition
a small ceramic or metal component with fins on the surface taht absorb/disperse the heat produced by electrical components like the processor
Term
hot plugging
Definition
the act of changing/removing a removable flash memory device w/out opening the system unit or restarting the computer and allows you to do so while the computer is running
Term
integrated circuit
Definition
can contain millions of microscopic pathways capable of carrying electrical current (resistors, capacitors / transistors)
Term
internal bay
Definition
concealed entirely in the system unit for example a hard disk drive
Term
jack
Definition
used to identify audio/video ports
Term
liquid cooling technology
Definition
a continuous flow of fluid like water/glycol in a process that transfers heated fluid away from the processor and into a radiator-type grill where it cools and is then sent back to the processor
Term
machine cycle
Definition
the four basic operations a processor repeats for every instruction
Term
massively parallel processing
Definition
large scale with hundreds or thousands of processors like in supercomputers used for artificial intelligence and weather forecasting
Term
memory
Definition
consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by instructions and the results of processing the data
Term
memory cache
Definition
helps speed the processes by storing frequently used instructions/data
Term
memory card
Definition
a removable flash memory device usually 1.5" or smaller in height or width that is inserted/removed from a slot
Term
memory module
Definition
a small circuit board where RAM chips usually reside
Term
memory slots
Definition
are on the motherboard and hold memory modules
Term
microcode
Definition
the instructions programmers use to write code to a PROM chip
Term
microprocessor
Definition
the processor on a personal computer usually on a single processor chip
Term

microsecond

(µs)

Definition
one millionth of a second
Term

millisecond

(ms)

Definition
one thousandth of a second
Term
motherboard
Definition
main circuit board of the system unit where some electronic components attach to the board and others are built-in
Term
multi-core processor
Definition
a single chip w/ 2 or more separate processor cores
Term
multi-threaded program
Definition
software written to support multiple threads and runs faster than those in nonthreaded environments
Term
musical instrument digital interface
Definition
the electronic music industry's standard defining how devices like sound cards/synthesizers represent sounds electronically
Term

nanosecond

(ns)

Definition
one billionth of a second
Term
nonvolatile memory
Definition
does not lose contents when the computer is turned off
Term
parallel processing
Definition
a method using multiple processors to simultaneously execute a single program/task by using special software to divide a problem into portions for each processor and then bring the results together again
Term
peripheral
Definition
a device that connects to the system unit/ is controlled by the processor ex: modem, dis drive, printer, scanner/keyboard
Term

picosecond

(ps)

Definition
on trillionth of a second
Term
pipelining
Definition
when a processor performs more than one machine cycle at a time making it faster
Term
port
Definition
the point where a peripheral attaches to or communicates w/a system unit so it can send data or receive info
Term
port replicator
Definition
an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the device
Term
power supply
Definition
the system unit component that converts wall outlet AC power into DC power
Term
processor core
Definition
or just core contains necessary circuitry to execute instructions
Term
quad-core processor
Definition
a common multi-core processor w/4 separate cores
Term
rambus inline memory module
Definition
holds RDRAM chips
Term
real-time clock
Definition
a battery-backed chip that keeps track of the date/time
Term
registers
Definition
small high-speed storage locations within a processor that temporarily hold data/instructions
Term
serial port
Definition
a type of interface that connects a device to the system unit by transmitting data one bit at a time  like in modems that connect systme unit to telephone line due to the need for data transmission in a specific frequency
Term
single inline memory module
Definition
has pins on opposite sides of the circuit board that connect to form a single set of contacts and holds SDRAM chips
Term
stored program concept
Definition
the role of memory to store both data / programs
Term
storing
Definition
in the machine cycle it means writing the result to memory not to a storage medium
Term
superscalar
Definition
a processor that can execute more than one instruction per clock cycle is this
Term
synthesizer
Definition
a peripheral or a chip that creates sound from digital instructions
Term
system board
Definition
another name for the motherboard
Term
system bus
Definition
the part of the motherboard that connects the processor to the main memory
Term
system clock
Definition
a small quartz crystal circuit that the processor relies on to control the timing of all operations
Term
system unit
Definition
a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data
Term
system-on-a-chip
Definition
a processor that integrates the functions of the processor, memory and a video card on a single chip
Term
thread(re: processor core)
Definition
a series of related instructions that can be independent or part of a larger task
Term
transistor
Definition
can act as an electronic switch that opens or closes the circuit for electrical charge
Term
unicode
Definition
a 16-bit coding scheme that can represent 65,000+ characters/symbols it can represent almost all the worlds current/historical written languages and has 30,000 codes reserved for future expansion and 6,000 codes for private use
Term
vPro technology
Definition
included on most of Intel's processor chips and provides the capability to track hardware/software, diagnose/resolve problems and secure from outside threats
Term
volatile memory
Definition
loses contents when the computer is turned off
Term
word size
Definition
the number of bits the processor can interpret/execute at a given time
Term
What are the 6 components of the system unit?
Definition
drive bay(s), power supply, sound card, video card, processor, memory
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