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The CNS
PHYL 301 U of Hawaii Ch.9 silverthorn
116
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
12/14/2011

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Term
spinal reflexes
Definition
reflexes that dont require integration in the brain
Term
neural plate
Definition
location of the cells that will become the nervous system in early embryos
Term
peripheral nervous system is formed from
Definition
neural crest
Term
CNS is formed from
Definition
neural tube
Term
outer cell layers of the neural tube will become
Definition
neurons and glia of the CNS
Term
the tube posterior to the hindbrain will become
Definition
spinal cord
Term
CNS has formed the 7 major divisions present at birth by what week
Definition
6th
Term
7 major divisions of CNS present at birth
Definition
spinal cord, cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
Term
the cerebrum and diencephalon develop from
Definition
the forebrain
Term
cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata are divisions of
Definition
the hindbrain
Term
nuclei
Definition
clusters of cell bodies in the brain/spinal cord
Term
gray matter
Definition
made up of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals
Term
white matter
Definition
made up of myelinated axons and contains very few cell bodies
Term
tracts
Definition
bundles of axons that connect different regions of the CNS
Term
what are the PNS equivalent of tracts
Definition
nerves
Term
meninges
Definition
layers of membrane that lie between the bones and tissues of the CNS
Term
starting from the bones and moving toward the neural tissue, the membranes are
Definition
1.dura mater, 2.arachnoid membrane, 3.pia mater
Term
arteries that supply the brain w/blood are associated with which meninx
Definition
pia mater
Term
veins that drain blood from the brain are associated with which meninx
Definition
dura mater
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
specialized region on the walls of the ventricles that secrete cerebrospinal fluid
Term
choroid plexus is derived from
Definition
ependyma
Term
subarachnoid space
Definition
between pia mater and arachnoid; CSF flows into it from ventricles
Term
the presence of blood cells or proteins in the CSF indicates
Definition
infection
Term
why are brain capillaries less permeable than other capillaries
Definition
because brain capillary cells form tight junctions
Term
L-dopa
Definition
crosses the blood brain barrier on an amino acid transporter and converted to dopamine in the brain
Term
what can cross the blood brain barrier
Definition
small lipid soluble molecules (many water soluble molecules are excluded)
Term
name a few areas of the brain which lack functional blood brain barrier
Definition
posterior pituitary
vomiting center (in medulla oblongata)
Term
what happens to a spinal nerve just before it joins the spinal cord
Definition
it divides into 2 branches called roots
Term
dorsal root
Definition
branch of the spinal nerve that carries incoming sensory info.
Term
dorsal root ganglia
Definition
swellings on the dorsal roots just before they enter the spinal cord; contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
Term
ventral root
Definition
branch of spinal nerve that carries info from CNS to effectors(muscles, glands)
Term
2 nuclei groups of the dorsal horn cell bodies
Definition
somatic info.
visceral info.
(both sensory)
Term
ventral horns of the gray matter are grouped into
Definition
somatic motor nuclei
autonomic nuclei
Term
propriospinal tracts
Definition
tracts that remain in the spinal cord
Term
horns
Definition
areas of gray matter in the spinal cord
Term
columns
Definition
groups of tracts
Term
CN I (name/type/function)
Definition
olfactory/sensory/smell(info form nose)
Term
CN II (name/type/function)
Definition
optic/sensory/visual info from eyes
Term
CN III (name/type/function)
Definition
oculomotor/motor/eye movement, pupil constriction
Term
CN IV (name/type/function)
Definition
trochlear/motor/eye movement
Term
CN V (name/type/function)
Definition
trigeminal/mixed/sensory info from face,mouth, motor signal for chewing
Term
CN VI (name/type/function)
Definition
abducens/motor/eye movement
Term
CN VII (name/type/function)
Definition
facial/mixed/taste sense,facial expression, signal for tears, salivary glands
Term
CN VIII (name/type/function)
Definition
vestibulochoclear/sensory/hearing
Term
CN IX (name/type/function)
Definition
glossopharyngeal/mixed/sense oral cavity, baro-chemoreceptors, swallowing
Term
CN X (name/type/function)
Definition
vagus/mixed/sensory & efferent to many internal organs, muscles, glands
Term
CN XI (name/type/function)
Definition
spinal accessory/motor/muscles of oral cavity,neck,shoulder
Term
CN XII (name/type/function)
Definition
hypoglossal/motor/tongue muscles
Term
brain stem
Definition
transition area between spinal cord and midbrain
Term
reticular formation
Definition
a diffuse collection of neurons that extend thruout the brain stem
Term
in terms of location where is the cerebrum located relative to the brain stem
Definition
dorsally
Term
starting at the spinal cord and moving superiorly what makes up the brain stem
Definition
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Term
corticospinal tracts of the medulla
Definition
convey info from the cerebrum to spinal cord
Term
gray matter in the medulla contain many nuclei that
Definition
control many involuntary functions (blood pressure,breathing, swallowing,vomiting)
Term
primary function of pons
Definition
act as a relay station for info transfer between cerebellum & cerebrum
Term
other name for the midbrain
Definition
mesencephalon
Term
primary function of the midbrain
Definition
control eye movement
Term
specialized function of cerebellum
Definition
process sensory info; coordinate the execution of movement
Term
diencephalon lies between
Definition
brain stem and cerebrum
Term
diencephalon is composed of
Definition
thalamus, hypothalamus,pituitary, pineal gland
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
center for homeostasis; drives hunger and thirst
Term
what connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
name the 4 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
Definition
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
Term
which division of the brain grows more rapid than the others
Definition
cerebrum
Term
3 major regions of cerebral gray matter
Definition
cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
outer layer of the cerebrum; only a few mm thick
Term
where do the higher brain functions arise
Definition
the layers of the cerebral cortex
Term
how are neurons of the cerebral cortex arranged
Definition
in anatomically distinct vertical columns & horizontal layers
Term
major areas of the limbic system
Definition
hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus
Term
amygdala & cingulate gyrus
Definition
are linked to emotion & memory
Term
hippocampus
Definition
linked to learning & memory
Term
from a functional view point the cerebral cortex can be divided into 3 specializations
Definition
sensory areas, motor areas, association areas
Term
primary somatic sensory cortex
Definition
also called somatosensory cortex;located in parietal lobe;termination point of pathways from skin musculoskeletal system and viscera
Term
somatosensory pathways (in cerebrum) carry info about
Definition
touch, pain,temp,itch,body position
Term
visual cortex (cerebrum)
Definition
located in occipital lobe; receives info from eyes
Term
auditory cortex
Definition
located in temporal lobe; receives info from ears
Term
olfactory cortex
Definition
small region in temporal lobe; receives info. from chemoreceptors in nose
Term
gustatory cortex
Definition
located in frontal lobe; receives info from taste buds
Term
sensory info is processed into
Definition
perception
Term
visceral responses are governed by
Definition
autonomic division of nervous system
Term
voluntary movements
Definition
are initiated by the cognitive system and originate in the primary motor cortex and motor association area
Term
primary motor cortex and motor association area are located
Definition
in the frontal lobes of the cerebrum
Term
how many cranial nerves originate along the brain stem
Definition
11 of 12
Term
pyramids
Definition
region where 90% of corticospinal tracts cross the midline to the opposite side of the body
Term
pyramidal cells
Definition
long output neurons, project axons from motor areas thru brain stem to spinal cord
Term
behavioral state system modulates
Definition
motor output
Term
diffuse modulatory systems originate in the
Definition
reticular formation.
Term
reticular activating system
Definition
collection of neurons in the reticular formation; plays a role in keeping the conscious brain awake
Term
what happens if connections between reticular formation and cerebral cortex are disrupted
Definition
animals become comatose for long periods of time
Term
true or false sleep is considered an inactive state
Definition
false
Term
delta brain waves are associated with
Definition
slow wave or stage 4 sleep
Term
properties of delta waves
Definition
high amplitude, low frequency waves of long duration
Term
near the end of an 8 hr sleep period most time is spent in what stage
Definition
stage 2 and REM sleep
Term
when does most dreaming occur
Definition
during stage 1 (REM) sleep
Term
when does sleep walking take place
Definition
during stage 4 sleep
Term
circadian rhythms
Definition
a sleep wake rhythm that follows a 24 hr light dark cycle
Term
where is the internal clock that regulates circadian rhythms located
Definition
the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
Term
where is the center of emotion
Definition
amygdala of the limbic system
Term
antidepressant drugs alter
Definition
aspects of synaptic transmission
Term
tricyclic antidepressants
Definition
block the reuptake of norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron.
Term
SSRI's
Definition
slow down the removal of serotonin from the synapse
Term
long term potentiation
Definition
processes in which activity at a synapse induces sustained changes in quality/quantity of synaptic connections
Term
neuronal connections can change w/experience, this is fundamental to
Definition
the 2 cognitive processes of learning and memory
Term
what are the 2 classes of learning
Definition
associative & nonassociative
Term
memory traces
Definition
memory storage pathways in the cerebral cortex
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
the inability to remember newly acquired info.
Term
working memory
Definition
a special form of short term memory processed in the prefrontal lobes
Term
consolidation
Definition
the processing of info that converts short term into long term memory
Term
2 types of long term memory
Definition
reflexive & declarative
Term
reflexive memory
Definition
acquired slowly thru repetition; involves amygdala & cerebellum
Term
declarative memory
Definition
involves temporal lobes; requires conscious effort to remember
Term
center for language ability is located
Definition
in the left hemisphere of cerebrum
Term
integration of spoken language involves 2 regions in cerebral cortex
Definition
Broca(frontal) & Wernicke(temporal) areas
Term
if damage occurs to Wernickes area
Definition
a person is unable to understand spoken or written info (receptive aphasia)
Term
damage to Brocas
Definition
can understand spoken/written info but cant speak or write properly (expressive aphasia)
Term
cranial reflexes
Definition
reflexes integrated in the brain
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