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The Central Nervous System, Chapter 8
Matt Hobbs
79
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
10/08/2011

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Term
What part of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?
Definition
The Central Nervous system
Term
What type of neurons carry information to the CNS?
Definition
Sensory Neurons
Term
What type of neuron reach out from the CNS to innervate muscles and glands?
Definition
Motor Neurons
Term
Three embryonic tissue layers exits. From which of these does the CNS develop?
Definition
The ectoderm
Term
What structure forms as the ectoderm invaginates to begin the formation of the CNS?
Definition
Neural Groove
Term
What structure forms as the neural groove deepens and the edges fuse?
Definition
Neural Tube
Term
The ganglia of the PNS form from what structure that occurs in embryonic development?
Definition
Neural Crest
Term
In the middle of the fourth week of development what three distinct swelling occur on the anterior end of the neural tube?
Definition
The Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
Term
What is the largest part of the brain?
Definition
The Cerebrum
Term
What are cavities in the brain?
Definition
Ventricles
Term
What fills the cavities of the brain?
Definition
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Term
What is the cavity within the spinal cord?
Definition
Central Canal
Term
What superficial portion of the cerebrum holds cell bodies and dendrites of neurons?
Definition
Cerebral Cortex
Term
What structures deep within the cerebrum are made up of the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons?
Definition
Nuclei
Term
What are the two halves of the cerebrum?
Definition
The Cerebral Hemispheres
Term
What structure connects the cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
Corpus Callosum
Term
What are the folds and grooves of the cerebrum?
Definition
Convolutions
Term
What are the elevated folds of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Gyri (singular = Gyrus)
Term
What are the grooves of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Sulci (singular Sulcus)
Term
What is the most anterior portion of the cerebrum?
Definition
The frontal lobe
Term
What lobe of the cerebrum lies posterior to the central sulcus?
Definition
Parietal Lobe
Term
What structure in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum controls skeletal muscle movement?
Definition
Precentral Gyrus
Term
What structure within the parietal lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for somatesthetic sensation?
Definition
Postcentral Gyrus
Term
Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the auditory centers?
Definition
Temporal Lobe
Term
Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for vision and eye movements?
Definition
Occipital Lobe
Term
What lobe of the cerebrum is not visible from the surface and is implicated in memory?
Definition
Insula
Term
What are the masses of gray matter deep within the cerebrum where they function in the control of voluntary movements?
Definition
basal nuclei
Term
What is the crossing of fibers from one side of the cerebrum to the opposite side of the body which
results in the right side of the cerebrum controlling and sensing the left side of the body and visa
versa?
Definition
Decussation
Term
What is the specialization in function of the cerebral hemispheres, the left and right being different?
Definition
Cerebral Lateralization
Term
Concerning cerebral lateralization, what is the specialty of the right cerebral hemisphere?
Definition
visuospatial tasks
Term
Concerning cerebral lateralization, what is the specialty of the left cerebral hemisphere?
Definition
Language and analytical ability
Term
What is the loss or impairment of the power to use or comprehend words usually resulting from brain damage?
Definition
aphasia
Term
What area in the left inferior frontal gyrus and surrounding areas helps control speech? Damage to
this area results in a reluctance to speak and speech that is slow and poorly articulated.
Definition
Broccaís area (the motor speech area)
Term
What area in the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere helps control speech? Damage to
this area results in an inability to organize words into meaningful sentences and an inability to understand spoken or written language.
Definition
Wernickeís area
Term
What two parts of the brain appear to be of paramount importance in the neural basis of emotional states?
Definition
The Hypothalamus and Limbic System
Term
What part of the brain consists of a group of forebrain nuclei and fiber tracts that form a ring around
the brain stem?
Definition
Limbic System
Term
What part of the brain consists of the cingulate gyrus (part of the cerebral cortex), the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the septal nuclei?
Definition
Limbic System
Term
What is the type of memory that involves recall of information for a relatively short time (as a few seconds)?
Definition
short-term memory
Term
What is the type of memory that involves the storage and recall of information over a long period of time (as days, weeks, or years)?
Definition
Long-term Memory
Term
Formerly it was believed that memory was stored diffusely throughout the brain. What is the current
thought on how memory works in different regions of the brain?
Definition
Particular aspects of memory of visual, auditory, olfactory, spatial, etc. are stored in particular areas, and the cooperation of all of these areas is required to elicit the complete memory.
Term
What is the type of synaptic learning in which synapses are first stimulated at high frequency and
will thus exhibit increased excitability through physiological and anatomical changes?
Definition
Long-term potentiation
Term
What is the production of new neurons?
Definition
Neurogenesis
Term
What type of cells in the CNS both renew themselves through mitosis and produce differentiated neurons and neuroglia?
Definition
Neural Stem Cells
Term
What portion of the cerebral cortex is involved in higher cognitive functions, including memory,
planning, and judgment, and is required for normal motivation, interpersonal skills, and social behavior?
Definition
the prefrontal cortex
Term
What cavities within the brain lie in the cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
the lateral ventricles
Term
What cavity within the brain lies within the diencephalon?
Definition
The third ventricle
Term
What part of the brain composes about four-fifths of the diencephalon and forms the walls of the
third ventricle? It consists of paired masses of gray matter, each positioned immediately below the
lateral ventricle of its respective cerebral hemisphere and acts primarily as a relay center throuh wich
all sensory information (except smell) passes on the way to the cerebrum.
Definition
the thalamus
Term
What part of the diencephalon consists of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and the pineal gland?
Definition
the epithalamus
Term
What part of the diencephalon is most inferior and forms the floor and part of the walls of the third
ventricle? It is small, but important in its influence on hunger, thirst, body temperature, hormone
secretion by the pituitary gland, regulation of sleep, wakefulness, sexual arousal and performance, and emotion.
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
What region of the brain lies between the cerebrum and the pons?
Definition
the midbrain
Term
What are the four rounded elevations on the dorsal surface of the midbrain?
Definition
the corpora quadrigemina
Term
What parts of the corpora quadrigemina are involved in visual reflexes?
Definition
the superior colliculi
Term
What parts of the corpora quadrigemina are relay centers for auditory information?
Definition
inferior colliculi
Term
What part of the midbrain is composed of ascending and descending fiber tracts?
Definition
Cerebral Peduncles
Term
What part of the midbrain is an area of gray matter deep within it and maintains connections with the
cerebrum and the cerebellum and is thus involved in motor coordination?
Definition
The red nucleus
Term
What is the rounded bulge on the underside of the brain?
Definition
The Pons
Term
What is the second largest part of the brain?
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
What is the known function of the cerebellum?
Definition
coordination and equilibrium
Term
What part of the brain lies between the pons superiorly and the spinal cord inferiorly?
Definition
The Medulla Oblongata
Term
In what part of the brain does decussation take place?
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
What part of the medulla oblongata controls the autonomic innervation of blood vessels?
Definition
The vasomotor center
Term
What part of the medulla oblongata controls the autonomic nerve control of the heart?
Definition
The cardiac center
Term
What part of the medulla oblongata acts together with the pons to control breathing?
Definition
The respiratory center
Term
What is the mass of nerve cells and fibers situated primarily in the brain stem and functioning upon
stimulation especially in arousal of the organism?
Definition
the reticular formation
Term
What is the part of the reticular formation that extends from the brain stem to the midbrain and
thalamus with connections distributed throughout the cerebral cortex and that controls the degree of
activity of the central nervous system (as in maintaining sleep and wakefulness and in making transitions between the two states)?
Definition
the reticular activating system (RAS)
Term
What is the neurological disorder in which the patient tends to fall asleep inappropriately during the
day despite having adequate amounts of sleep?
Definition
narcolepsy
Term
What is the landmark at the boundary between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord?
Definition
the foramen magnum
Term
In an adult, where does the spinal cord stop inferiorly?
Definition
L1
Term
Where does the gray matter of the spinal lie?
Definition
in the form of an H deep within the cord
Term
What is the general term for the columns of white matter within the spinal cord?
Definition
funiculi
Term
What is the general term for the tracts of white matter carrying sensory information through the spinal cord to the brain?
Definition
ascending tracts
Term
What are tracts of white matter carrying motor impulses from the brain to the periphery?
Definition
descending tracts
Term
What are nerves that arise directly from the brain and not the spinal cord?
Definition
cranial nerves
Term
What are nerves that arise from the spinal cord?
Definition
Spinal Nerves
Term
What part of a spinal nerve carries sensory input?
Definition
the dorsal (posterior) root
Term
What part of a spinal nerve carries motor output?
Definition
the ventral (anterior) root
Term
What structures associated with the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons?
Definition
the dorsal (posterior) root ganglia
Term
What is an automatic and often inborn response to a stimulus that involves a nerve impulse passing
inward from a receptor to a nerve center and thence outward to an effector (as a muscle or gland)
without reaching the level of consciousness?
Definition
a reflex
Term
What is the neural pathway of a reflex?
Definition
a reflex arc
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