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The autonomic nervous system
Matt Hobbs
84
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
10/11/2011

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Term
What is the functional division of the nervous system that controls unconscious, vital functions such
as digestion, B/P, heart rate, pupil size, etc.?
Definition
The Autonomic Nervous system
Term
What three effectors are innervated by the ANS?
Definition
Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle & glands
Term
What functional division of the nervous system controls voluntary movement?
Definition
Somatic Nervous system
Term
Where are the cell bodies of neurons that are a part of the somatic nervous system?
Definition
in the CNS
Term
How many motor neurons extend from the CNS to innervate a skeletal muscle fiber in the SNS?
Definition
one
Term
How many neurons extend from the CNS to innervate a smooth muscle fiber or a gland?
Definition
two
Term
Of the two motor neurons that work to innervate an effector in the ANS, what term is used to describe the first?
Definition
preganglionic neuron
Term
Of the two motor neurons that work to innervate an effector in the ANS, what term is used to describe the second?
Definition
postganglionic
Term
Within what structure do a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron in the ANS synapse?
Definition
an autonomic ganglion
Term
What is a ganglion?
Definition
A cluster of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS
Term
Of the two motor neurons which innervate an effector in the ANS, which actually synapses with the effector?
Definition
the postganglionic neuron
Term
Where is the cell body of the preganglionic neuron in the ANS?
Definition
in the gray matter of the brain or spinal cord
Term
Where is the cell body of a postganglionic neuron within the ANS?
Definition
the autonomic ganglion
Term
The effect of impulses from motor neurons of the SNS is always excitatory. What are the possible
effects of impulses from motor neurons of the ANS?
Definition
excitatory or inhibitory
Term
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
Definition
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Term
What is a synonym for the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Definition
The thoracolumbar division
Term
At what levels does the sympathetic division of the ANS exit the spinal cord?
Definition
T1-L2
Term
Ganglia of the sympathetic division of the ANS occur in three different chains or clusters. What are they?
Definition
the cervical ganglia in the neck, the paravertebral ganglia on either side of the vertebral column, and
the peripheral or collateral or prevertebral ganglia
Term
What are the three peripheral ganglia?
Definition
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
Term
The sympathetic division of the ANS innervates the blood vessels and glands in the skin and skeletal
muscles. Within what structures do fibers of the sympathetic division travel to get to the periphery?
Definition
spinal nerves
Term
What structures make the connection between paravertebral ganglia and spinal nerves?
Definition
communicating rami
Term
Which communicating ramus does a preganglionic neuron travel through to get to a paravertebral ganglion?
Definition
the white ramus (the lateral one)
Term
Which communicating ramus does a postganglionic neuron travel through to get into a spinal and travel to the periphery?
Definition
the gray ramus (media one)
Term
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
Definition
Adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
Term
What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
What is the relationship of the adrenal medulla to the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Definition
the cells of the adrenal medulla are specialized postganlionic cells
Term
What is a synonym for the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Definition
the craniosacral division
Term
Fibers of the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS exit from what regions of the CNS?
Definition
the brain (midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons) and S2, S3, and S4 of the spinal cord
Term
Where do ganglia of the parasympathetic division of the ANS lie?
Definition
next to or within the organs being innervated
Term
What is a synonym for the ganglia of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Definition
terminal ganglia
Term
Do fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS travel in spinal nerves?
Definition
no
Term
Does the parasympathetic division of the ANS innervate the periphery of the body (smooth muscle
and glands in the skin and skeletal muscles)?
Definition
no
Term
What four cranial nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?
Definition
oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X)
Term
Which cranial nerve carries about 80% of the parasympathetic output?
Definition
Vagus (X)
Term
What phrase describes the function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Definition
Fight-or-flight
Term
What phrase describes the function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?What phrase describes the function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Definition
Rest-and-digest
Term
What neurotransmitter is used by all preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
Definition
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Term
What neurotransmitter is used by most postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of the
ANS?
Definition
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Term
What type of transmission occurs at all synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons and at the synapses between most postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS and their effectors?
Definition
cholinergic
Term
What neurotransmitter is used by most postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?
Definition
norepinepherine (noradrenaline)
Term
What type of transmission occurs at the synapses between postganglionic sympathetic neurons and their effectors?
Definition
adrenergic
Term
What neurotransmitter is used by postganlionic sympathetic fibers innervating sweat glands and blood vessels in skeletal muscles?
Definition
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Term
Epinepherine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are all derived from what amino acid?
Definition
tyrosine
Term
What term collectively describes epinepherine, norepinephrine, and dopamine collectively?
Definition
catecholamines
Term
The axons of postganglionic neurons have numerous enlargements along their length after entering a target organ. These release neurotransmitters. What are these enlargements?
Definition
varicosities
Term
Adrenergic stimulation by epinephrine or norepinepherine can have an excitatory or inhibitory effect. The result depends on the receptor. What are the two major classes of adrenergic receptor
proteins?
Definition
alpha and beta
Term
There are two major classes of adrenergic receptors. Each of these has two subtypes. What are they?
Definition
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2
Term
All adrenergic receptors act by way of what type of molecule?
Definition
G-protein
Term
All beta subtypes of adrenergic receptors stimulate the production of what second messenger?
Definition
cAMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Term
Adrenergic receptors of the alpha1 subtype work through what second messenger?
Definition
Ca2+
Term
Alpha2-adrenergic receptors located on the presynaptic axon terminal cause what effect?
Definition
a decrease in the release of norepinephrine
Term
Alpha2-adrenergic receptors located on the postsynaptic membrane of vascular smooth muscle cause what effect?
Definition
Vasoconstriction
Term
The stimulation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors consistently causes what effect on smooth muscle?
Definition
contraction
Term
The vasoconstrictor effect of sympathetic nerves always results form the activation of what type of receptor?
Definition
alpha-adrenergic
Term
What is the effect of stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscles in the digestive tract, brochioles, and uterus?
Definition
relaxation
Term
What is the effect of beta-adrenergic receptors on cardiac muscle?
Definition
An increase in force and rate of contraction
Term
All somatic motor neurons, all preganglionic neurons and most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are what type?
Definition
cholinergic
Term
All somatic motor neurons, all preganglionic neurons and most postganglionic parasymapthetic
neurons use what neurotransmitter?
Definition
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Term
What is the effect of ACh released by somatic motor neurons and by preganglionic autonomic neurons?
Definition
Excitatory
Term
What is the effect of ACh released by postganglionic parasympathetic axons?
Definition
usually excitatory, but may be inhibitory
Term
What is the effect of ACh release by parasympathetic neurons on the heart?
Definition
inhibitory
Term
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
Definition
nicotinic and muscarinic
Term
What drug blocks the action of nicotinic ACh receptors?
Definition
curare
Term
What drug blocks muscarinic ACh receptors?
Definition
atropine
Term
What effect does ACh always have on nicotinic receptors?
Definition
excitatory
Term
What effect does ACh have on muscarinic receptors?
Definition
either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the effect of the G-protein
Term
Not all receptors response to acetylcholine or norepinephrine. What term describes those that do not?
Definition
noncholinergic and nonadrenergic respectively
Term
What gas acts as a neurotransmitter?
Definition
nitric oxide (NO)
Term
What effect does nitric oxide have on smooth muscle?
Definition
relaxation
Term
What nucleotide acts as a neurotransmitter?
Definition
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Term
What term describes the innervation of an organ by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
Definition
dual-innervation
Term
What term describes the effect of dual innervation of the organ by the ANS when the effects of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are opposite one another?
Definition
antagonistic
Term
What term describes the effect of dual innervation of the organ by the ANS when the effects of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions produce similar effects?
Definition
complementary
Term
What term describes the effect of dual innervation of the organ by the ANS when the sympathetic
and parasympathetic divisions produce different effects that work together to promote a single action?
Definition
Cooperative (synergistic)
Term
What is an example of antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
Definition
heart rate (others are pupil size, diameter of airways, and digestion)
Term
What is an example of a complementary effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
Definition
production of saliva
Term
What is an example of a cooperative effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
Definition
Erection and ejaculation in the male reproductive system
Term
Most organs receive dual innervation. However, the parasympathetic division of the ANS does not
innervate the periphery of the body. What structure of the body are innervated only by the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Definition
the adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles of the skin, sweat glands of the skin, and most blood vessels
Term
How is regulation generally achieved within structures innervated only by the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Definition
by increasing or decreasing the firing rate of sympathetic fiber
Term
Experimental stimulation of what structure can elicit almost all autonomic responses thus showing
that this structure plays the major role in controlling the ANS?
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
What structure contains centers that control body temperature, hunger,thirst, and the pituitary gland?
Definition
the hypothalamus
Term
What structure is a group of fiber tracts and nucelei that form a ring around the brain stem and is
involved in basic emotional drives and thus influences many visceral reactions such as blushing,
pallor, fainting, breaking out in a cold sweat, a racing heartbeat, and ìbutterflies in the stomachî?
Definition
Limbic System
Term
What structure sends impulses to the medulla oblongata influencing activity of the ANS such as
nausea, sweating, and cardiovascular changes?
Definition
The cerebellum
Term
What structures of the brain have the greatest influence on the ANS?
Definition
the medulla oblongata, the hypothalamus, the limbic system, and the cerebellum
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