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Test #2
2
49
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/11/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Memory
Definition
Capacity to store and retreive information.
Term
Encoding
Definition
Physiological change in the brain to get information stored.
Term
Storage
Definition
Maintaining information overtime.
Term
Retreival
Definition
Locating stored memory
Term
Atkinson-Shiffrin model of Memory
Definition
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and longterm memory all working togather.
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Everything we sense in this kind of memory is held ever so briefly and is easily displaced by new information.
Term
Iconic Memory (Sensory)
Definition
Vision, lasts 1/2 second.

EXAMPLE: a list of 9 numbers flashes briefly on the screen. How many can you remember by looking @ it?
Term
Echoic Memory (Sensory)
Definition
Sound, 2-4 seconds.
Term
Short Term Memory
Definition
Very limited Capacity (7[+-] bits of information for about 30 seconds. Take up space->pushes old information out.
Term
Chunking (Short-Term Memory)
Definition
Grouping to make a set of information smaller (2656647582 -> 265 664 7582)

OR

Create hierarchies (newspaper & cd -> store information)
Term
Imagery (Short-Term Memory)
Definition
Remembering a set of information by remembering the pictures you see. You can think of a story to help.

EXAMPLE: Picture of a cat, picture of a bat, picture of a bicycle->a cat holding a bat was riding a bicycle


OR

Create Associations
Goat - Car
Grass - Desk
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
No known limits. First processed in the sensory memory and short term memory. Two types -> declaritive and procedural.
Term
Declaritive Long Term Memory
Definition
Episodic->past experiances
Semantic->general knowledge
Term
Procedural Long Term Memory
Definition
Motor Skills, Habits, Classical Conditioning responses.
Term
Shallow Processing
Definition
Perceiving shallow, surface features. I.E. vowels and consonants.
Term
Deep Processing
Definition
Processed, meaningful interpretations I.E. determining a catergory
Term
Recognition
Definition
Dont have to supply the information, just recognize it when you see it. Multiple choice.
Term
Relearning
Definition
When you learn something in the past and don't use it overtime it is much easier to "learn" the second time around.
Term
Factors influencing Retreival
Definition
Easy to remember the first and last bit of info but the middle is often lost. Context.
Term
Ebbinghaus' experiment
Definition
Shown groups of letters (DAG CEG XUL). Wrote Memorization. How long did he remember? Immediately -> 100% recall, dropped quickly afterwards.
Term
Decay
Definition
Memories decay overtime (Ebbinghaus!)
Term
Encoding Failure
Definition
We cannot remember what we do not encode
Term
Retreival Failure
Definition
When Memories compete.
Term
Proactive Retreival Failure
Definition
Something that happened EARLIER interfares with the retreival of something that happened LATER
Term
Retroactive Retreival Failure
Definition
Something that happened LATER interfares with the retreival of something that happened EARLIER.
Term
Memory as Reconstruction
Definition
Using more general memories to reconstruct what is LIKELY to have happened I.E. Did I say "the" in the first 5 minutes of class?
Term
Leveling (Memory of an event)
Definition
Simplyfying a story
Term
Sharpening (memory of an event)
Definition
highlighting or overemphesizing certain details.
Term
Assimilating (memory of an event)
Definition
changing details to better fit own background or knowledge.
Term
Trial and Error
Definition
Trying possible solutions and getting rid of ones that do not work until the correct solution is reached.
Term
Algorithms
Definition
Systematic, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in search of a solution. Guarentees a solution to the problem.
Term
Heuristic
Definition
Rule of thumb. Based on things that worked in the past.
Term
Means-End Analysis (Heuristic)
Definition
Checking current options against a goal continuously until goal is reached.

(Getting to the airport)
Term
Forming Sub goals (Heuristic)
Definition
A problem is given. When you look at it you can not find the solution immediately but when a hint is given, the answer seems simple.
Term
Working Backwards (Heuristic)
Definition
Using the information given... 24 hours (lillies double). In 60 days the pond will be completely covered.On what day will the pond be 1/2 covered with lillies.
Term
Searching for Analogies (Heuristic)
Definition
Spot similarity between problems, use solution from previous to solve current.
Term
Barriers to effective problem solving
Definition
irrelevant info, functional fixedness, mental sets, unnecessary constraints.
Term
Decission Making
Definition
Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.
Term
Additive Stratergy (Decission Making)
Definition
More likely for simpler situations
Term
Elimination Strategy (Decision Making)
Definition
More common in complex situations.
Term
Ignoring base rates
Definition
I.e. a person is short slim and likes to read poetry, is this person more likely to be a classics professor @ an ivy league school or a truck driver?
-> truck driver.

Probability is that the man would be a truck driver.
Term
Framing
Definition
exact same issue presented in two different was can elicit different responses.
Term
Symbolic (Language)
Definition
spoken sounds and written words represent objects, actions, events, and ideas.
Term
Creative (Language)
Definition
Generate and understand an infinate number of messages.
Term
Structured (Language)
Definition
rules for how we can combine words into phrases and setences.

IE- the swimmer jumped into the pool VS the pool into jumped swimmer the
Term
Phonemes
Definition
smallest units of language that can be distinguished perceptually

FUSS VS. BUS
Term
Morphemes
Definition
Smallest units of meaning in a language. not necessarily words -> example "Unit" "S"
Term
Syntax
Definition
system of rules that specify how words can be arranged.
Term
Semantics
Definition
meaning associated with communication.

Deep structure VS. surface structure
*2 sentences can have the same surface structure but different meaning
*2 sentences can have the same meaning but different surface structure.
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