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Test three misc
Physio
160
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
11/12/2012

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Term
What are amino acids derived from?
Definition
tyrosine and tryptophan
Term
What are the classes of hormones?
Definition
amines, steroids, protein hormones, and glycoproteins
Term
All hormones are ____ that stimulate signal transduction pathways
Definition
agonists
Term
How do we regulate hormone activity?
Definition
precursor hormones, hormone turnover, and target tissues
Term
how can hormones lengthen their half-life?
Definition
binding to albumin to make them more stable
Term
What are steroid hormones removed by?
Definition
the liver
Term
Why is there a pharmacological difference between with hormones? 3 things
Definition
1) increased resistance time so they are more likely to bind to a receptor 2) they are systemic 3) they release bioactive molecules when they bind
Term
What aids in regulation of water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys?
Definition
prolactin
Term
What do releasing/inhibiting hormones bind to in the anterior pituitary?
Definition
pituicites (postsynaptic pituitary neurons)
Term
Pheochromocytoma
Definition
tumor of the adrenal medulla, resulting in hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines in response to what?
Definition
stimulation by preganglionic sympatheic nerve fiber
Term
What is responsible for the flight or fight response?
Definition
adrenal chromafin cells
Term
The effects of what are similar to the overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system?
Definition
pheochromocytoma
Term
What does ACTH stimulate?
Definition
the adrenal cortex
Term
What does ACTH stumulate the release of
Definition
corticosteroids or corticoids
Term
What are all adrenal cortex hormones synthesized from?
Definition
cholesterol
Term
What corticosteroid reduces inflammation?
Definition
glucocorticoid
Term
What secretes sex hormones?
Definition
the gonads and adrenal cortex
Term
What type of corticosteroid is aldosterone?
Definition
mineralcorticoid
Term
What two things can regulate electrolyte balance in the body?
Definition
aldosterone and prolactin
Term
What process does cortisol support
Definition
gluconeogenesis - increase blood glucose which will supply energy to the cell
Term
What are three ways to better deal with pharmacological problems with glucocorticoids?
Definition
eliminate the use, more specific receptor subtype agonists, local application
Term
What is addisons disease characterized by?
Definition
(hyposecretion of corticosteroids) changed in electrolyte balance and hydration
Term
What are the two lobes of the thyroid connected by?
Definition
isthmus
Term
Parafollicular cells
Definition
secrete calcitonin which stimulates the secretion of calcium.
Term
What are t3 and t4 usually bound to?
Definition
albumin
Term
What four things do thyroid hormones do
Definition
alters gene transcription, stimulates protein synthesis, increases cellular respiration and elevates BMR
Term
Graves disease
Definition
thyroid stimulating antibody is secreted which causes the thyroid to release large amounts of thyroid hormone in an uncontrolled manner: toxic goiter
Term
When is parathyroid hormones released?
Definition
when calcium levels get too low
Term
Pancreatic gland: endocrine and exocrine
Definition
Endocrine: digestion
Exocrine: insulin and glucagon
Term
What secretes melatonin?
Definition
pineal gland, retina, lens
Term
What does melatonin inhibit
Definition
GnRH (delays onset of puberty)
Term
What is melatonin inhibited by?
Definition
light
Term
"other endocrine glands"
Definition
thymus, GI tract, gonads/placenta, endothelium, immune system cells, astrocytes
Term
How do glucocorticoids block the release of arachidonic acid from phospholipids?
Definition
inhibiting PLA2
Term
TXA2
Definition
platelet aggregation- inhibited by NSAIDS
Term
What is duchenne's muscular dystrophy?
Definition
faulty production in dystrophin.
- Stabilizes membrane during contraction and relaxation and links intracellular cytoskeleton and ECOM
- Functional differentiation of muscle fibers and organization of postsynaptic membrane and AchRs
Term
What is structurally significant of the heart?
Definition
organized in striations formed by bands of cytoskeletal elements
Term
What is another name for the neuromuscular junction, and what neuron stimulates it?
Definition
motor end plate, acetylcholine
Term
TF, each axon can produce numerous axon collaterals
Definition
T
Term
A motor unit includes
Definition
the somatic motor neuron and all the muscles it innervates
Term
sarcomere
Definition
the basic unit of contraction
Term
muscle contraction starts with the shortening of its _____
Definition
individual muscle fibers
Term
Does the sarcomere shorten?
Definition
no
Term
When are troponin and tropomyosin bound to actin?
Definition
when relaxed
Term
The sarcolemma and T tubules are depolarized at different times, TF?
Definition
False
Term
Terminal cisternae
Definition
cistern at end or SR that is a primary Ca++ release site
Term
How do you turn off muscle contraction?
Definition
Degrade ACh (acetylcholinesterase), Na channels close and sarcolemme repolarizes, Ca channels close, Ca-ATPases pump calcium out of the cell or into SR, tropomyosin blocks the actin binding site
Term
What is the inherited form of ALS caused by (Lou Gherigs)
Definition
a defect in superoxide dismutase. (SOD removes free radicals, and the mutant enzyme is not functional) So ALS in this case is an inability to neutralize the free radicals that you have in the body.
Term
resting length of muscles is maintained by:
Definition
MSA and GTO
Term
What detects the length or streth of muscle?
Definition
Muscle spindle apparatus
Term
What monitors tension in the tendons?
Definition
golgi tendon organs
Term
What is the point of sensory organs of muscles?
Definition
maintain actin/myosin overlap
Term
Action potentials of cardiac muscle cells contract _____
Definition
simultaneously
Term
TF Cardiac muscle can be regulated by autonomic nerves?
Definition
True: ach, ephinephrine can increase the heart rate in response to ForF
Term
How are smooth muscles organized?
Definition
circular and longitudinal, to perform peristalsis
Term
TF smooth muscles contain sarcomeres
Definition
False! They dont need them because they contract using peristalsis
Term
What are the four functions of the circulatory system?
Definition
transportation, nutritive, regulation/communication, protection
Term
What are the components of the circulatory system?
Definition
Cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, fluid
Term
What are the two components of blood?
Definition
plasma and formed elements (hematocrit)
Term
What is plasma osmolality?
Definition
.3
Term
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
Definition
albumin
Term
What maintains the osmotic pressure of plasma?
Definition
albumin
Term
What helps to maintain blood volume?
Definition
albumin
Term
What is needed to draw water out of the tissue into the capillaries?
Definition
albumin
Term
What do alpha and beta globulins do?
Definition
transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins/hormones
Term
What are gamma globulins?
Definition
antibodies produced by lymphocytes
Term
What group combines with O2 in the lung and transports and releases oxygen into the tissue?
Definition
iron (binds to hemoglobin)
Term
What removes erythrocytes from the blood?
Definition
liver, spleen, bone marrow
Term
What is anemia/three types
Definition
any condition with abnormal hemoglobin concentration. (iron deficient, pernicious, and aplastic)
Term
Pernicious anemia (just talking about everything I know about it)
Definition
inadequate amount of B12, usually due to destruction of the gastric mucosa/absence of intrinsic factor,
Term
aplastic anemia
Definition
due to destruction of bone marrow by benzene, arsenic, etc
Term
What can cause an anemia?
Definition
lack of bone marrow, lack of b12, breakdown of bone marrow
Term
What causes the sickling of blood cells?
Definition
The defect in gene for a hemoglobin
Term
What is the difference in DNA between sickle cell and not sickle cell?
Definition
there is an amino acid valine where there should be a glutamic acid
Term
What is hydroxyurea's role in the body?
Definition
used to treat sickle cell. It promotes the growth of fetal hemoglobin which does not have the defect. It suppresses production of immune cells by the bone marrow. ''However it also breaks down bone marrow so thats no good."
Term
What are the smallest of the formed elements?
Definition
thrombocytes
Term
What are thrombocytes made from?
Definition
splintering of megakaryocytes
Term
How long do thrombocytes live?
Definition
5-9 days, before being destroyed by the spleen and liver
Term
Platelet activation is what?
Definition
when circulating platelets are stimulated to aggregate, form a clot and release inflammatory mediators of the arachidonic acid cascade
Term
How are unactivated platelets repelled from each other and the vessel walls?
Definition
PGI2 in the endothelium
Term
What happens to strengthen the platelet plug?
Definition
converting fibrinogen to fibrin
Term
What does the proteolytic cascade do?
Definition
the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Term
TF: calcium is req'd for blood clotting
Definition
true
Term
What happens with extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of blood clotting ?
Definition
they intersect
Term
Blood clotting cascade: intrinsic
Definition
blood is just able to clot
Term
Blood clotting cascade: extrinsic
Definition
results from damage to a blood vessel
Term
What is the acquired clotting disorder?
Definition
a vitamin K deficiency
Term
What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
Definition
thrombin
Term
Von Willebrand's disease
Definition
platelet adherence to collagen is impaired (it is not a cascade problem)
Term
In what disorders is the clotting cascade interrputed?
Definition
Hemophilia A and B
Term
What inhibits platelet COX?
Definition
asprin
Term
What inhibits utilization of Vit K
Definition
coumadin (to prevent blood clotting)
Term
What inhibits thrombin?
Definition
heparin
Term
What is EDTA
Definition
prevents clotting in a test tube by eliminating Ca
Term
what provide the greatest resistance to flow?
Definition
small arteries and arterioles
Term
EDHF
Definition
increases blood vessel size and decreases pressure
Term
What is the basis for varicose veins?
Definition
over time, blood accumulation in veins causes them to stretch to a point where the one-way valves are no longer efficient.
Term
angiogenesis
Definition
formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. (length) (bad for cancer but good for heart disease because it increases the blood flow)
Term
What is atherosclerosis and its treatments?
Definition
hardening of the arteries - exercise, diet, statins
Term
What is the use of statins that we talked about?
Definition
to treat atherosclerosis, it inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, which caralyes the rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. Stops cholesterol from being formed
Term
What are the three basic functions of the lymphatic system?
Definition
transport interstitial fluid back to the blood, transport of fat to the blood, immunological defense
Term
What is the pacemaker potential regulated by?
Definition
slow calcium channels
Term
How does the stuff move through lymphatic vessels?
Definition
peristaltic contractions
Term
smooth muscle initiates movement via pacemaker cells TF
Definition
true
Term
Atrial fibrillation
Definition
Atria fail to contract as a single unit. It is not fatal because the driving force of blood movement in this case is the pressure, not the contratcion
Term
Ventricular fibrillation
Definition
ventricles fail to contract. Death beacause ventricles need the push from contraction to get the blood to move
Term
What is a heart murmor usually caused by? Also, what are the specific examples that he talked about?
Definition
a defective heart valve or septa: rheumatic endocarditis (uncontrolled strep throat) and prophylactic abs (prevents inflammatory responses due to infections that may result from procedure
Term
What is the flow of blood when you have a septal defect?
Definition
From Left to right (because the pressure on the left side is higher and blood flows from high to low pressure) - will cause pulmonary hypertension and/or edema
Term
An action potential in one myocardial cell is transmitted to all myocardial cells TF
Definition
true
Term
What does the heart do at rest (depolarize/hyperpolarize)
Definition
depolarize
Term
What is the pacemaker?
Definition
The sinoatrial node
Term
Do cardiomyocytes of the SA node maintain a RMP?
Definition
No
Term
What completes the contraction of heart cells?
Definition
fast calcium channels opening
Term
How is depolarization propagated through the syncytium in heart cells?
Definition
gap jxns
Term
How is repolarization accomplished in the heart cells?
Definition
K
Term
What is an ectopic pacemaker?
Definition
a pacemaker other than the SA node
Term
What is excitation contraction initiated by?
Definition
an influx of calcium from the extracellular fluid
Term
What can prevent repolarization of the heart?
Definition
high plasma K
Term
How do you end cardiac excitation-contraction coupling in the heart?
Definition
Ca ATPase of the plasma membrane, moving of Ca into SR, Na/Ca exchanger
Term
What do myocardial cells have that prevents further stimulation. Until when is this utilized?
Definition
long refractory periods that prevent stimulation until repolarization of the unit has occured
Term
What is the ion movement during cardiac action potentials?
Definition
Ca slow in, VOC Na, Ca Fast, K out
Term
What are the three types of arrhythmias?
Definition
Blockage of Na channels, blockage of Ca channels, or blockage of B adrenegeric receptors (blocks catecholamines to stimulate heart)
Term
TF - Waves of EKG are related to action potentials
Definition
False: they represent potential changes in regions of the heart
Term
What does tachycardia increase?
Definition
sympathetic activity
Term
Cardiac output formula
Definition
stroke volume x cardiac rate
Term
What is a chronotrope
Definition
+/- something that affects the number of heart beats per minute
Term
Is the sympathetic nervous system a positive or negative chronotrope?
Definition
positive
Term
Is the parasympathetic NS a +/- chronotrope?
Definition
negative: the vagus nerve - ACh promotes opening of K channels, hyperpolarizing the pacemaker cells (and we all know that hyperpolarizing is bad)
Term
What are negative chronotropic effects on the pacemaker?
Definition
they make it longer (that would be parasympatetic NS) opposite is true
Term
What is they physiologic basis for athletic bradycardia?
Definition
increased stimulation of the vagus nerve, which will secrete more ACh, which will inhibit the heart to beat
Term
What is the cardiac control center and baroreceptors effect on cardiac output
Definition
increase or decrease
Term
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
Definition
a fall in BP produces an increase in HR
Term
What controls the autonomic effects on the heart?
Definition
cardiac control center (para and symp.)
Term
What is stroke volume dependent on? 3
Definition
EDV, Total peripheral resistance, contractility
Term
What is another name for EDV?
Definition
preload; makes sense because it is the load BEFORE contraction
Term
What is EDV controlled by: Venous return-> 4 subtypes
Definition
blood volume, negative intrathoracic pressure, venous pressure, lymphatic return
Term
Increased tissue volume (fluid in interstitial) effect on venous return
Definition
decreased
Term
Contractility can be affected by autonomic NS (epinephine/norepin) TF
Definition
True
Term
What is peripheral resistance?
Definition
resistance of the arteries
Term
What direction does fluid flow in regards to interstitial space and capillaries?
Definition
into the capillaries, because they exert a higher osmoic pressure so they pull fluid in!
Term
Starling forces
Definition
opposing forces of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic filtration pressure that affect distribution of fluid across the capillary
Term
How is edema prevented?
Definition
proper balance between capillary filtration and osmotic uptake of water and by proper lymphatic drainage
Term
When is ADH secreted?
Definition
When blood volume is too low, it supports the reabsorption of water
Term
When is aldosterone secreted?
Definition
When the solute concentration is too low. It promotes the absorption of Na and water. (it has the same effect of ADH (increase plasma volume) but does not dilute the urine)
Term
When is the renin-angiotensin system activated?
Definition
When the blood flow and pressure in the kidneys is too low (salt deprivation, low blood volume, and low blood pressure
Term
What is stimulated by the release of angiotensin 2?
Definition
aldosterone to increase salt and water retention
Term
What is the end goal of renin-angiotensin?
Definition
increase blood volume
Term
When is ANF secreted?
Definition
As a response to a rise in blood volume: Water and salt excretion: it promotes vasodilation
Term
Too low blood plasma, what will be secreted?
Definition
ADH, Aldosterone
Term
Too high blood volume: get rid of fluid
Definition
ANF
Term
What three points do we need to know about resistance to blood flow?
Definition
- fluid flows from higher pressure to lower pressure
- the longer the tube in which fluid flows, and the smaller the tube, the greater the resistance and teh harder it si to move fluid ( greater pressure it required) Viscosity also increases
- Resistance in our blood vessels correlates to total peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure
Term
How is a change in mean arterial pressure done?
Definition
prevented by an increase in cardiac output and vasoconstriction in other areas
Term
What are extrinsic responses to blood flow?
Definition
controlled by the autonomic/endocrine systems - first to respomd
Term
What are intrinsic regulation of blood flow?
Definition
control by metabolic factors
Term
What are the endothelium derived relaxing factors that aid in relaxation of muscles
Definition
NO, bradykinin, protacyclin, PGI2
Term
What are atrial stretch receptors activated by?
Definition
an increase in venous return
Term
What are the effects of ASR being activated?
Definition
sympathetic nerve activity to increase HR, inhibit ADH (release causing a decrease in BV), increase ANF secretion
Term
What are the two types of hypertension?
Definition
Primary/Essential (no distinct cause, most falls into this category) and Secondary (secondary to a known disease)
Term
Why is increased mean arterial pressure a bad thing
Definition
it makes it harder for the LV to push blood into the system
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