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Test 6
ISU pharmacology
57
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 3
11/10/2014

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Definition

Characterized by profound immunosuppression that leads to opportunistic infections and malignancies not commonly found in patients with healthy immune defenses.

Term
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Definition
Virus which is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids. This virus is the precursor to AIDS
Term
Reverse transcriptase
Definition
Viral enzyme used to convert RNA strands to double stranded DNA
Term
Viral load
Definition
The level of HIV inside someone’s blood. Controlled with the use of anti-retroviral’s
Term
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
Definition
Type of therapy used to reduce the plasma HIV RNA to its lowest possible level.
Term

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

Definition
A type of treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen in order to prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of the disease.
Term
Explain the purpose and expected outcomes of HIV pharmacotherapy.
Definition
The purpose of HIV pharmacotherapy is to keep the viral load of the disease low and to keep the immune system as healthy as possible for as long as possible. Since there is no cure for HIV the pharmacotherapy for the drug is centered on keeping the patient healthy for as long as possible.
Term
Zidovudine (Retrovir, AZT)
Definition
  • TC: Anti-retroviral
  • PC: Nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor (NRTI)
  • Acts by inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme when it begins to synthesize viral DNA, causing a defective DNA strand to be created. 
  • Side effects may include fatigue, weakness, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, headache, and possible CNS effects. Black box warning that rare cases of fatal lactic acidosis with hepatomegaly and steatosis have been reported. 
  • Pregnancy category C.
  • Contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to the drug, with pre-existing anemia or neutropenia. Blood counts should be monitored frequently during therapy to prevent hematologic toxicity. Patients with reduced renal or hepatic impairment require a reduction in dosage. 
 
Term
Efavirenz (Sustiva)
Definition
  • TC: anti-retroviral
  • PC: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
  • Acts by inhibiting reverse transcriptase. Used to treat HIV.
  • Side effects may include sleep disorders, nightmares, dizziness, reduced ability to concentrate, and delusions. 
  • Pregnancy category C. 
  • Contraindicated in patients in the child bearing years and pregnant patients. 
 
Term
Lopinavir with Ritonavir (Kaletra)
Definition
  • TC: Anti-retroviral
  • PC: Protease inhibitor
  • Acts by inhibiting the hepatic breakdown of lopinavir, thus permitting serum levels of lopinavir to increase by more than 100 fold. 
  • Side effects may include diarrhea, headache, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, and abdominal pain. Drug may worsen effects of diabetes mellitus. Long term therapy may cause lipodystrophy syndrome. Pancreatitis is a rare side effect. 
  • Pregnancy category C.
  • Contraindicated in patients with liver impairment. Hepatic levels should be monitored regularly. Use with caution in patients with cardiac disease. Women should not breast feed because of the risk of passing HIV to the baby.  
 
Term
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Definition
  • TC: anti-retroviral
  • PC: nucleoside analog
  • Acts by preventing viral DNA synthesis, decreasing the duration and severity of acute herpes episodes. Used for the treatment of HSV-1 and HSV-2.
  • Side effects may include nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. 
  • Pregnancy category C. 
  • Contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to the drug. 
 
Term
Tumor
Definition
A swelling, abnormal enlargement, or mass.
Term
Neoplasm
Definition
Another name for a tumor.
Term
Benign tumors
Definition
Slow growing; does not metastasize and rarely requires drug treatment. Ex. include adenoma, papilloma and lipoma, osteoma, meningioma
Term

Malignant tumors

Definition
Grows rapidly, becomes resistant to treatment and results in death if untreated. Ex. include malignant melanoma.
Term
Remission
Definition
Period during the disease process where the symptoms and the progression of the disease stop.
Term
Metastasis
Definition
The ability of current tumor cells to travel to different areas of the body and create new tumors.
Term
Primary chemotherapy
Definition
Chemotherapy used to treat a newly diagnosed cancer in a patient. The very first drug therapy tried to kill the cancer and rid the body of cancer.
Term
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Definition
Chemotherapy used after surgery or radiation therapy to help rid the body of any extra cancer cells that could not be removed during surgery or radiation.
Term
Palliation chemotherapy
Definition
Chemotherapy used in the advanced stages of cancer when there is no cure or control available. Drugs are used to reduce the size of the tumor, ease the severity of the pain, and improve the quality of life.
Term
Explain the differences between normal cells and cancer cells.
Definition
The difference between normal cells and cancer cells is that cancer cells have been become damaged somehow and no longer respond to the normal chemical signals checking its growth. When cancer cells lose their normal function they begin to divide rapidly and invade surrounding cells.
Term
Low RBC count: treatment
Definition
Treatment with epoetin alfa, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant
Term
Low WBC count: treatment
Definition
Treatment with bone marrow transplant, Neupogen, Neumega.
Term
Low platelet count treatment:
Definition
Platelet transfusion,
Term

Nausea and vomiting: treatment

Definition
Patient may be administered Zofran or lorazepam before chemo to help prevent nausea and vomiting.
Term
Vesicant: treatment
Definition
If agent escapes from blood vessels immediate treatment with injections of sodium bicarbonate and normal saline at the site of extravasation.
Term
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Definition
  • TC: Anti-neoplastic
  • PC: Alkylating agent; nitrogen mustard
  • Acts by attaching to DNA and disrupting replication, particularly in rapidly dividing cells. Used to treat Hodgkin’s disease, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. 
  • Side effects may include potentially fatal bone marrow suppression, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, reversible alopecia, possible hemorrhagic cystitis if urine becomes concentrated. 
  • Pregnancy category C.
  • Contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to the drug or those who have active infections or severely suppressed bone marrow. 
 
Term
Methotrexate (Rheumatrex)
Definition
  • TC: Anti-neoplastic
  • PC: antimetabolite, folic acid analog
  • Acts by blocking the synthesis of folic acid which inhibits replication, particularly in rapidly dividing cells. Used to treat choriocarcinoma, osteogenic sarcoma, leukemia’s, head and neck cancers, breast carcinoma, and lung carcinoma.  
  • Side effects may include nausea and vomiting. Black box warning that NSAID’s may cause severe and possibly fatal myelosuppression. Drug is hepatotoxic and may cause liver cirrhosis if used long term. Possible life threatening infections may occur during therapy. Possible severe dermatologic reactions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis and Steven’s-Johnson syndrome. 
  • Pregnancy category X. 
  • Contraindicated in patients with thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukopenia, concurrent administration of hepatotoxic drugs and hematopoietic suppressants, alcoholism, or lactation. Do not use in pregnant women.  
 
Term
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
Definition
  • TC: Anti-neoplastic
  • PC: Anti-tumor antibiotic 
  • Acts by attaching to DNA, distorting its double helical structure and preventing normal DNA and RNA synthesis. Used to treat solid tumors in the lungs, breast, ovary, bladder, and for various leukemia’s and lymphomas. 
  • Side effects may include low blood cell counts, nausea, vomiting, reversible alopecia. Drug is cardiotoxic. Black box warning that severe myelosuppression may occur. Severe thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and anemia may occur. Cardiac adverse effects can be life threatening and may include sinus tachycardia, bradycardia, delayed heart failure, acute left ventricular failure, and myocarditis. 
  • Pregnancy category D.
  • Contraindicated in patients who are pregnant, lactating, have myelosuppression, thrombocytopenia, pre-existing cardiac disease, obstructive jaundice, lactation, or previous treatment with complete cumulative doses of doxorubicin. 
 
Term

Vincristine (Oncovin)

Definition
  • TC: Anti-neoplastic
  • PC: Vinca alkaloid, mitotic inhibitor, natural product
  • Acts by preventing cancer cells ability to complete mitosis by attacking cancer cells in the M-phase of the cell cycle. Used to treat Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma’s, leukemia’s, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Wilms’ tumor, bladder carcinoma, and breast carcinoma. 
  • Side effects may include numbness and tingling in limbs, muscular weakness, loss of neural reflexes, pain, severe constipation, paralytic ileus, and reversible alopecia. 
  • Pregnancy category D. 
  • Black box warning that myelosuppression may be severe and predispose to opportunistic infections. 
  • Contraindicated to the use of vincristine include obstructive jaundice, men and women of child-bearing age, active infection, adynamic ileus, radiation of the liver, infants, pregnancy, and lactation. 
 
Term
Tamoxifen
Definition
  • TC: Antineoplastic
  • PC: Estrogen receptor blocker
  • Acts by blocking estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells, but tamoxifen actually activates estrogen receptors in other parts of the body. Used to treat breast cancer. 
  • Side effects may include hot flashes, fluid retention, vaginal discharge, hypertension, and edema. 
  • Pregnancy category D. 
  • Black box warning of increased risk of endometrial cancer. 
  • Contraindicated to the use include anti-coagulant therapy, pre-existing endometrial hyperplasia, history of thromboembolic disease, pregnancy, and lactation. Patients should be observed in patients with blood disorders, visual disturbances, cataracts, hypercalcemia, and hypercholesterolemia. 
 
Term
Identify the major functions of the upper respiratory tract.
Definition
The passages of the upper respiratory tract warm, humidify, and clean the air before it enters the lungs.
Term
Differentiate between H 1 and H2 histamine receptors.
Definition
  • H1 – responsible for the allergic symptoms. 
  • H2 - found in the gastric mucosa and responsible for peptic ulcers.
 
Term
Allergen
Definition
Also called an antigen, defined as anything that is recognized as foreign by the body’s defense system.
Term
Rebound Nasal Congestion
Definition
Most serious limiting side effect of the intra-nasal preparations, characterized by hyper secretion of mucus and worsening nasal congestion once the drug effects wear off.
Term
Antitussives
Definition
Drugs used to dampen the cough reflex. They are of value in treating coughs due to allergies or the common cold.
Term
Mucolytics
Definition
Drugs which break down the chemical structure of mucus molecules.
Term
Expectorants
Definition
Drugs that reduce the thickness or viscosity of bronchial secretions.
Term
Diphenhydramine (Benedryl)
Definition
  • TC: Drug to treat allergies
  • PC: H1 – receptor antagonist; antihistamine
  • Acts by binding to H1 receptors to treat minor symptoms of allergy and the common cold. Used to treat allergies and the common cold.  
  • Side effects may include drowsiness, excitability, dry mouth, tachycardia, mild hypotension, and photosensitivity. 
  • Pregnancy category C. 
  • Contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to the drug, prostatic hypertrophy, narrow-angle glaucoma, and gastrointestinal obstruction. Do not use in patients with asthma or hyperthyroidism. 
 
Term
fluticasone (Flovent)
Definition
  • TC: drug for allergic rhinitis
  • PC: intranasal corticosteroid
  • Acts by decrease local inflammation in the nasal passages, thus reducing nasal stuffiness. 
  • Side effects include nasal irritation and epistaxis. 
  • Pregnancy category C. 
  • Contraindicated in patients with a prior hypersensitivity to the drug. Patients with known bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections should not receive  this drug. 
 
Term
oxymetazoline (Afrin)
Definition
  • TC: Nasal decongestant
  • PC: sympathomimetic 
  • Acts by activating alpha-adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system causing the nasal passages to constrict, thus drying the mucous membranes. 
  • Side effects may include rebound congestion, and minor stinging and dryness in the nasal mucosa. 
  • Pregnancy category C. 
  • Contraindicated in patients with thyroid disorders, hypertension, diabetes, or heart disease. 
 
Term
dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM)
Definition
  • TC: cough suppressant
  • PC: drug for increasing cough threshold
  • Acts on the medulla to help suppress cough. 
  • Side effects may include dizziness, drowsiness, GI upset, slurred speech, ataxia, hyper excitability, stupor, respiratory depression, seizures, coma, and toxic psychosis. 
  • Pregnancy category C. 
  • Contraindicated in patients with chronic cough due to excessive bronchial secretions, asthma, smoking, and emphysema. 
 
Term
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using the inhalation route of administration for pulmonary drugs.
Definition
The inhalation route allows for rapid delivery of a drug to the needed areas but because of this rapid delivery some of the drug is absorbed across the pulmonary capillaries which can lead to system effects such as central nervous system depression.
Term
Compare and contrast the pharmacology of acute and chronic asthma.
Definition
Treating acute asthma is all about treating the immediate symptoms and stopping the asthma attack. Medications are usually fast acting and not long lasting. To treat chronic asthma medications are needed that are long lasting more than fast acting. Treating chronic asthma is all about preventing the attack whereas treating acute is all about stopping the attack once it has started.
Term
Ventilation
Definition
Process of moving air into and out of the lungs
Term
Perfusion
Definition
The process of blood flowing through the lungs and exchanging certain gasses.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The act of a substance distributing itself across the alveolar membranes.
Term
Asthma
Definition
A chronic pulmonary disease with inflammatory and bronchospasm components.
Term
Status asthmaticus
Definition
Prolonged form of asthma unresponsive to drug treatment that may lead to respiratory failure.
Term
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Definition
Progressive pulmonary disorder characterized by chronic and recurrent obstruction of airflow.
Term
Chronic Bronchitis
Definition
Excess mucus is produced in the lower respiratory tract due to the inflammation and irritation from cigarette smoke or pollutants. The airway becomes partially obstructed with mucus, thus resulting in the classic signs of dyspnea and coughing.
Term
Emphysema
Definition
The terminal stage of COPD. After years of chronic inflammation the bronchioles lose their elasticity, and the alveoli dilate to maximum size to allow more air into the lungs.
Term
albuterol (Proventil)
Definition
  • TC: bronchodilator
  • PC: beta2-adrenergic agonist
  • Acts by relieve the bronchospasm associated with asthma helping inhibit the release of inflammatory chemicals from mast cells. Used to treat sudden onset of asthma symptoms.
  • Side effects may include palpitations, headaches, throat irritation, tremor, nervousness, restlessness, and tachycardia, insomnia, dry mouth, chest pain, paradoxical bronchospasm, and allergic reactions. 
  • Pregnancy category C. 
  • Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the drug. Administer with caution in patients with a history of cardiac disease or hypertension. 
 
Term
ipratropium (Atrovent, Atrovent HFA)
Definition
  • TC: bronchodilator
  • PC: anticholinergic 
  • Acts by blocking the parasympathetic nervous system and leading to bronchodilation. Used to treat COPD, bronchitis, and emphysema. 
  • Side effects may include cough, drying of the nasal mucosa, hoarseness, and epistaxis. 
  • Pregnancy category B. 
  • Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to soya lecithin or related food products like soybean and peanut. Drug can cause a bitter taste so teach patients to rinse mouth once done taking medication. 
 
Term
Beclomethasone (Beconase)
Definition
  • TC: anti-inflammatory drug for asthma and allergic rhinitis
  • PC: inhaled corticosteroid
  • Acts by reducing inflammation, thus decreasing the frequency of asthma attacks. Used for the long term management of persistent asthma. 
  • Side effects may include hoarseness, dry mouth, changes in taste, development in cataracts in adults, growth inhibition in children. 
  • Pregnancy category C. 
  • Watch for signs of corticosteroid toxicity. Contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to the drug. Growth of pediatric patients should be monitored carefully. 
 
Term
Zafirlukast (Accolate)
Definition
  • TC: anti-inflammatory drug for asthma prophylaxis
  • PC: leukotriene modifier
  • Acts by preventing airway edema and inflammation by blocking leukotriene receptors in the airways. Used to preemptively treat persistent, chronic asthma.
  • Side effects may include headache, nausea, and diarrhea. 
  • Pregnancy category B. 
  • Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the drug. Rare cases of hepatic failure have been reported. 
 
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