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Test 5
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77
Other
Undergraduate 2
09/27/2014

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Term
all or nothing principle
Definition
muscle fibers will contract maximally when stimulated
Term
afferant (sensory) nerve cells
Definition
relay sensory impulses to the CNS for interpretation
Term
sensory receptors
Definition
receive electrical impulses that occur because of body movement are called proprioceptors. located in muscles, tendons, capsules, and ligaments. without them effective coordination in motor patterns would not occuur
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
stimulated by motions of the body and in turn are responsible for transmitting a constant flow of information from these structures to the central nervous system. information from the receptors gives us sense of awareness of the body, limb positions, and provides us with automatic reflexes.
Term
muscle spindles
Definition
predominately in the belly of the muscle, lying between and parallel to the muscle fibers. modified nerve fibers, when stretched send impulses to the CNS, which activates motor neuron innervating the muscles causing it to conract
Term
tonic response
Definition
lenght
Term
phasic response
Definition
rate of change in length
Term
annulospiral endings
Definition
ends of muscle spindles. afferent neuron and highly sensitive to change in length and and rate of change.
Term
golgi tendon organ
Definition
located in the tendon of the muscle close to the muscle-tendon junction and is responsible for monitoring the tension in a muscle. generates a inhibitory signal when muscle is placed on prolonged stretch which is sent to the spinal cord via the axons of the GTO.
Term
flexibility
Definition
defined as the terminal range of motion of a segment.
Term
components that contribute to one flexibility or lack thereof
Definition
joint structure, soft tissue, ligaments, physical length of muscle
Term
joint structure
Definition
limits range of motion in some joints of the body and produce the termination or end point of the movement
Term
soft tissue
Definition
joint nears the end of ROM, soft tissue of one segment will be compressed by the soft tissue of the adjacent segment.
Term
ligaments
Definition
restrict ROM and flexibility by bringing about maximal support to be the joint
Term
physical length of muscle
Definition
main factor influencing flexibility. genetics plays a role in flexibility of a person
Term
goniometer
Definition
how you measure range of motion. axis or hinge point, placed even with axis of rotation at the joint line. both arms of device are held in place parallel to the long axis of the bones on either side of the joint.
Term
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
Definition
used to stimulate relaxation of the muscle being stretched so that the joint can be moved through a greater range of motion. incorporates various combination sequences using relaxation and contraction of the muscles being stretched
Term
motor unit
Definition
structural units of the neurons and motor systems are the neuron and the muscle fibers. two systems combined form the neuromusclar system.
Term
muscle that has a small ratio of muscle fibers compared to motor neurons
Definition
is capable of more precise movements than is the muscle with a small number of motor neurons and a large number of muscle fibers.
Term
graduation of contraction
Definition
2 factors: number of motor units that participate in the movement and the frequency of stiumlation
Term
stimulus is of threshold value
Definition
muscle fibers of the unit will contract maximally
Term
stimulus is below threshold value
Definition
none of the muscle fibers in the unit will contract.
Term
stimuli is discharged at low frequency
Definition
muscle will partially relax between impulses
Term
stimuli is discharged at high frequency
Definition
fibers will have insufficient time to relax and result in summation or maximal contraction
Term
endomysium
Definition
tissue sheath that encloses each muscle fiber. protects the fiber, centralizes the pull of the fibers. creates passageways to allow blood vessels and nerves to move through a muscle
Term
perimysium
Definition
tissue sheath that binds muscle fibers into bundles called fasciculus. bundles constitute a complete muscle. centralizes the pull of the muscle. protects the bundles. creates passageways to allow blood vessels and nerves to move through a muscle
Term
epimysium
Definition
sheath encloses the entire muscle proper. protects and helps centralize pull of muscle.
Term
fiber types
Definition
each muscle contains a combination that are categorizes as fast, slow and intermediate.
Term
slow twitch or Type 1 muscle fibers
Definition
found in higher quantities in the postural muscles of the body. red due to the high content of myoglobin in the muscle. larger number of mitochondria. surrounded by higher concentrations of myolobin than fast.
Term
fast twitch fibers
Definition
have small number of mitochondria and contain less myoglobin. nerve impulses in the nerves that intervate
Term
intermediate fibers
Definition
contain biochemical and fatigue characteristics that are somewhat between fast and slow and tend to increase in characteristics of slow twitch or fast twitch depending on the type of training.
Term
shape and arrangement of muscle
Definition
determine whether a muscle is capable of generating large amounts of force or whether a muscle has good shortening ability
Term
parallel muscles
Definition
arrangement consists of parallel muscle fibers that run the length of the muscle. known for the potential for high amounts of shortening. have longer muscles fiber lengths than its tendon lenght.
Term
flat muscles
Definition
with parallel fibers often inserting into or originating from an aponeurosis
Term
circular or spincteral
Definition
surround a body opening or ofifice
Term
longitudinal
Definition
long strap like muscle whose fibers lie parallel to its long axis
Term
quadrate
Definition
four sided and usually flat
Term
fan shaped or triangular
Definition
flat muscle whose fibers radiate from a narrow insertion to a broad origin
Term
fusiform
Definition
rounded muscle that tapers at either end. similar to longitudinal muscle
Term
penneform muscles
Definition
feather shaped with muscle fibers that run diagonally to a tendon running the length of the muscle. muscle fibers are shorter and run diagonally into the tendon this creates a larger physiological cross section capable of producing a great amount of strength but are not capable of shortening through a large ROM
Term
unipeniform
Definition
muscle characterized by a series of short feather like fibers that extend diagonally from the side of a long tendon giving the muscle the appearance of a wing feather.
Term
bipenniform
Definition
muscle characterized by a long central tendon with the fibers extending diagonally in pairs from either side of the tendon. symmetrical tail feather
Term
multipennifrom
Definition
fiber arrangement that is a combination of unipenniform and bipenniform
Term
contraction
Definition
latin word for draw together.
Term
muscle contraction
Definition
occurs whenever the muscle fiber generates tension within them selves. muscle is shortening, lengthening, or remaining the same length.
Term
concentric contration
Definition
shortening. occurs when the tension generated by the muscle is sufficient to overcome a resistance and to move the body segment of one attachment toward the segment of its other attachment
Term
eccentric contractiong
Definition
lengthening. when a muscle lengthens as it gives in to an external force that is greater than the contractile force it is exerting. muscle returns from its shortened position to its normal resting length
Term
isometric or static contraction
Definition
tension of the muscle in partial or complete contraction without any appreciable change in length
Term
isotonic training
Definition
defined maintaining a constant amount of resistive force throughout the range of motion of the movement. exercise does not involve the same fibers throughout a motion due to the change in joint angle.
Term
muscle hypertrophy
Definition
increased number of actin and myosin filaments in each muscle fiber. causes enlargement of individual fibers.
Term
isokinetic training
Definition
incorporates muscular overload to rotate a lever arm at a fixed speed. achieves maximum tension production throughout entire ROM.
Term
isometric training
Definition
consists of the muscle developing tension but no external change in joint position. only trains muscle at one angle.
Term
plyometric traing
Definition
consists of rapidly stretching a muscle and immediately following with a concentric contraction of the same muscle. exercises improve power output in the muscle through the facilitation of the neurological input to the muscle and through the increased muscle tension generated in the elastic component of the muscle.
Term
influence of gravity
Definition
movements of the body may be in the direction of gravitation forces. consider the direction and speed of the movement when identifying the nature of the muscular involvement in movements.
Term
length-tension relationship
Definition
when a muscle is on the correct amount of stretch it will exert maximal force.
Term
force-velocity relationship
Definition
as the speed of muscular contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases. velocity of contraction is maximal when the load is zero and load is maximal when velocity is zero. load increases, optimum rate decreases.
Term
coordination of the muscular system
Definition
effective purposeful movement of the body or any of its parts involves considerable muscular activity in addition to that of the muscles that are directly responsible for the movement itself. muscles must be stable base. bones or bones not engaged in the movement but providing attachment for one end of such muscles must be stabilized by other muscles.
Term
roles of muscles
Definition
muscles have various roles. role depends on the requirements of the movement roles are: agonist, antagonist, synergists
Term
agonist (prime movers)
Definition
muscle that is directly responsible for producing a movement. two kinds: principle and assistane
Term
principle mover
Definition
produce most of the force for movement
Term
assistant movers
Definition
help to perform a movement but are less important
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscles that have an opposite effect to that of movers. acts as a brake at the completion of a movement in order to protect the joint.
Term
synergist
Definition
defined as a fixator, stabilizer, and supporting muscle. contract statically to steady or support some part body against the pull of contracting muscles, the pull of gravity, or any other force that interferes with the desired movement. act as neutralizer which act to prevent undesired movement
Term
muscle location
Definition
actions are varied. relationship between muscle action is dependent on the relationship of its origin and its insertion to the joint its acts on.
Term
spurt muscle
Definition
on in which the distance from the attacement to the stationary bone to the joint is great than the distance from its distal attachment to the moving bone to the joint.
Term
shunt muscle
Definition
the distance from its attachment to the moving bone to the joint is greater than the distance from its attachment to the stationary bone to the joint.
Term
action of biarticular muscles
Definition
muscles that pass over and act on two joints. results in tension of one muscle being transferred to the other.
Term
concurrent movement
Definition
seen in simultaneous extension and flexion of the hip and knee.
Term
active movement
Definition
produced by the subjects own muscular activity.
Term
rapid active movement
Definition
tension could be maintained throughout the ROM but this would be and inefficient way of performing.
Term
passive movement
Definition
no effort is required on the part of person involved. used during rehab to help circulate the synovial fluid.
Term
types of loads
Definition
1. weight bearing
2. gravity
3. muscular force
4. external forces
Term
compression force
Definition
presses the ends of the bones together. produced by weight bearing, muscles, and gravity. causes shortening and widening of the structure.
Term
tension force
Definition
pulls or stretches. tends to lengthen and narrow a structure. source is usually muscle.
Term
shear force
Definition
applied perpendicular to the structure. creates deformation parallel to the plane of the applied force.
Term
bending force
Definition
applied to an area not having direct support offered by the structure. When a bone is subject to a bending force on side will convex and the other side will concave
Term
torsion force
Definition
force applied to a bone is a twisting force creating a shear force over the entire structure.
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