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test 3
test 3
89
Management
Undergraduate 3
04/10/2014

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Term
reactive change
Definition
making changes in response to problems or oppurtunities as they arise
Term
proactive change
Definition
planned change, involves making carefully thought out changes in anticipation of possible or expected problems or oppurtunities
Term
technology
Definition
any machine or object that enables an organization ro gain a competitive advantage in changing materials used to produce a finished product
Term
resistance to change
Definition
emotional/behavior response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine
Term
adaptive change
Definition
reintroduction of a familiar practice
Term
innovative change
Definition
the intoduction of a practice that is new to an organization
Term
radically innovative change
Definition
introducing a practice that is new to the industry
Term
Lewin's change model
Definition

"unfreezing, changing, and refreezing"

initiate, manage and stabilize planned change

Term
unfreezing, step 1 Lewin
Definition
create the motivation to change
Term
changing
Definition
learning new ways of doing things
Term
refreezing
Definition
making the ways normal
Term
organizational development
Definition
sets of techniques for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective
Term
change agent
Definition
a consultant with a background in behavioral sciences who can be a catalyst to helping organizations dela with old problems in new ways
Term
organization process 4 steps
Definition
1)diagnosis 2)intervention 3)evaluation 4)feedback
Term
intervention
Definition
the attempt to corect the diagnosed problem
Term
creativity
Definition
process of developing something new or unique
Term
seeds of innovation
Definition
starting point for organizational innovation
Term
product innovation
Definition
change in the appearance or the performance of a product or a service or the creation of a new one
Term
process innovation
Definition
change in the way a product or service is conceived, manufactured or disseminated
Term
incremental innovation
Definition
creation of products, services, or technologies that modify existing ones
Term
radical innovation
Definition
creation of products, services, or technologies that replace exisiting ones
Term
personality
Definition
the stable pshycological state and behavioral attributes that gives a person his or her identity
Term
Big Five Personality Dimensions
Definition

1)extroversion-how outgoing, talkativea person is

2)agreeableness-how trusting, good-natured, cooperative and soft-hearted a person is

3)conscientiousness-how dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented and persistant one is

4)emotional stability-how relaxed secure, and unworried one is

5)openness to experience-how intellectual, imaginative curious, and broad-minded one is

Term
proactive personality
Definition
someone who is more apt to take initiative and perserve to influence the enviroment
Term
locus of control
Definition
how much people believe they control their fate through their own efforts
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
belief in one's personal ability to do a task
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
the debilitating lack of faith in one's ability to control one's eviroment
Term
self-esteem
Definition
extent to which people like or dislike themselves
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
the extent to which people are able to observe their own behavior and adapt it to external situations
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
the ability to cope, to empathize with others, and to be self-motivated
Term
organizational behavior
Definition
dedicated to better understanding and management of people at work
Term
values
Definition
abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations
Term
attitude
Definition
learned predisposition towards a given object
Term
affective componet of an attitude
Definition
consists of the feeling or emotions one has about a situation
Term
cognititve componet of an attitude
Definition
feeling or emotions one has towards a situation
Term
cognitive componet of an attitude
Definition
beliefs and knowledge one has towards a situation
Term
behavioral componet of an attitude
Definition
aka the intentional componet, how one intends or expects to behave towards a particular situation
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
psychological discomfort a person experiences his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior
Term
perception
Definition
process of understanding and interpreting one's enviroment
Term
stereotyping
Definition
tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical to the group to which that individual belongs
Term
absenteeism
Definition
an employee doesn't show up for work
Term
halo effect
Definition
forming an imoression of an individual based on a single trait
Term
recency effect
Definition
tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information
Term
casual attribution
Definition
activity of inferring causes for observed behavior
Term
fundamental attribution bias
Definition
people attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to situational factors
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
people tend to take personal responsibility for success than failure
Term
self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
describes the phenomenon in which people's expectations of themselves or others leads to behave in ways that makes those expectations come true
Term
employee engagement
Definition
individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm towards work
Term
job satisfaction
Definition
extent to which you feel positive or negative about various aspects of your work
Term
organizational commitment
Definition
the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals
Term
turnover
Definition
when employees leave their jobs
Term
onboarding
Definition
helps employees to integrate and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture, and politics by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities
Term
organizational citizenship behaviors
Definition
those employee behaviors that are not directly part of an employee's job descriptions- that exceed their work-role requirements
Term
counterproductive work behaviors
Definition
types of behavior that harm employess an the organization as a whole
Term
diversity
Definition
all the ways people are unlike and alike
Term
internal dimensions of diversity
Definition
t
Term
internal diferences of diversity
Definition
human differences that exert a powerful sustained effect throughout every stage of our lives
Term
external dimensions of diversity
Definition
an element of choice: consist of personal characteristics that people aquire, discard or modify throughout their lives
Term
glass ceiling
Definition
metaphor for an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from being promoted to top executive jobs
Term
Americans With Disabilities Act
Definition
prohibits the descrimination against the disabled
Term
underemployed
Definition
working at jobs that require less education than they have
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
beelief that one's native country, culture, language, abilities, or behavior is superior of those to another culture
Term
stress
Definition
tension people feel when they are enduring or facing extraordinary demands
Term
stressor
Definition
the source of the stress
Term
Type A behavior pattern
Definition
involved in chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time
Term
roles
Definition
sets of behaviors that people expect of occupants of a position
Term
burnout
Definition
state of emotional, mental, or even physical exhaustion
Term
buffers
Definition
adminstrative changes that managers can make to reduce the stressors that lead to employee burnout
Term
employee assistance programs
Definition
host of programs that helps employees cope with stress, burnout, substance abuse, health-realated problems, family and marital issues, and any general problems that negatively influences job performance
Term
hollitic wellness program
Definition
focuses on self-responsibilty, nutritional awareness, relaxation techniques, physical fitness and enviromental awareness
Term
motivation
Definition
psychological process that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior
Term
extrinsic reward
Definition
payoff, such as money, that a person receives from others for performing a particular task
Term
intrinsic reward
Definition
feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing the task itself
Term
content perspectives
Definition
theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people
Term
needs
Definition
physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior
Term
hierarchy of needs theory
Definition

proposes that people are motivated by 5 levels of needs:

1)physiological 2)safety 3)love 4)esteem 5)self-actualization

Term
valence
Definition
the importance a woker assigns to the possible outcome or reward
Term
instrumentality
Definition
the expectation that succesful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired
Term
job design
Definition

1) the division of an organization's work among its employees

2)the application of motivational theories to jobs to increasesatisfactcion and performance

Term
job simplification
Definition
process of reducingf the number of tasks a worker performs
Term
job enlargement
Definition
increasing number of tasks in a job to increase  variety and motivation
Term
job enrichment
Definition
building into a job such motivating factors as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
use of positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawl something negative
Term
extinction
Definition
weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced
Term
punishment
Definition
process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive
Term
pay for performance
Definition
bases pay on one's results
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