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Test 3
Chemistry part 2
88
Science
Undergraduate 2
03/23/2013

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Term
Transition metals
Definition
(groups 3-12) can have multiple charges as well as lanthanides and actinides

The shock system is used to show metal's ionic charge

A roman numer giving the value of the metal's charge is placed in parentheses directly after the metal's name. The second element's name changes to end in -ide
Term
Physical properties
Definition
characteristics of a substance that do not involve a chemical change.
Ex: density, color, boiling/melting point
Term
Chemical properties
Definition
describe a substances chemical reactivity
Ex: "ability" to rust, decompose, etc
Term
Physical changes
Definition
changes that do not alter chemical composition
Ex: can get original substance back
Term
Chemical changes
Definition
alters the chemical composition and forms one or more new substances; also known as a chemical reaction
Term
Chemical reacion
Definition
a rearrangement of atoms in which some of the original bonds are broken and new ones are formed to give a different chemical structure
Term
Evidence of a chemical rection
Definition
color change, odor change, gas bubbles form, solid particles called precipitate form in solution, heat is produced or absorbed
Term
Synthesis reaction
Definition
a rxn (reaction) of at least 2 substances that forms a new compound
Term
Decomposition reaction
Definition
a rxn where a compound breaks down into at least 2 parts
Term
Combustion reaction
Definition
a rxn in which a hydrocarbon and oxygen burn to form carbon dioxide in water
Term
single replacement reaction
Definition
rxn in which atoms of one element take the place of another element in a compound
Term
double replacement reaction
Definition
a rxn in which there is an exchange of ions beteen 2 compounds
Term
mole(mol)
Definition
the SI unit used to measue the amount of substances (usually ions, atoms, or molecules) in terms of weight

the amount of substance that contains the same number of atoms as there are in exactly 12 grams of c-12. The number is called Avogadro's number
Term
Avogadro's number
Definition
6.02 x 10
the number of atoms in a 12 gram sample of c-12
Term
molar mas
Definition
mass of one mole of a substance

(g/mol) is equvalent to formula/molecular weights in amu
Term
Molar concentration(molarity)
Definition
the number of moles of solute dissolve in one liter of solution
M=mol/L
mol=MxL
L=mol/M
Term
compounds of carbon
Definition
carbon atoms nearly always form strong covalent bonds, carbon atoms have 4 bonds, hydrogen atoms have 1 bond

referred to as organic compounds.

Can form cyclin, or ring structures
Term
organic compounds
Definition
contain carbon and hydrogen, but may also contain other elemets such as: O,N,S,P, and the halogens
Term
hydrocarbons
Definition
simplest class of organic compounds

can be classified into three catergories based on bonds type: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
Term
alkanes
Definition
simplest hydrocarbon with carbon atoms connected only by single bonds.

Moleculat formula for alkanes:
Term
alkenes
Definition
second class of hydrocarbons thay contain at least one double bond between caron atoms
Term
alkynes
Definition
third hydrocarbon class that contains at least one triple bond between carbon atoms
Term
aromatic hydrocarbons
Definition
ring compounds
Term
cyclopentane
Definition
house shpaed. 5 lines
Term
cyclopropane
Definition
triangular shaped. 3 line
Term
cyclohexane
Definition
6 lines
Term
cyclobutane
Definition
sqaure shaped. 4 lines
Term
functional groups
Definition
organic compounds can contain certain common groups of elements
Term
alcohol
Definition
Term
halide
Definition
Term
amine
Definition
Term
ketone
Definition
Term
methanol
Definition
Term
ethanol
Definition
Term
acids
Definition
dissolved in water
conduct electricity
taste sour
react with metals and release __ gas
change litmus from blue to red
Term
degree of dissociation
Definition
determines whether acids are either strong or weak
Term
strong acid
Definition
acids that are completely ionize in a solvent
hydrochloric acid
nitric acid
sulfuric acid
Term
weak acid
Definition
only partially ionize in a solvent
acetic acid
hydrofluoric acid
Term
pH
Definition
a method od expressing the degree of acidity of a solution


where is the molar concentration of ion present in soln
Term
log scale
Definition
a change of one pH unit represents a change in concentration by a factoor of 10:
Term
pH <7
Definition
solution is considered acidic
Term
pH=7
Definition
neutral
Term
pH>7
Definition
considered alkaline or basic
Term
Arrhenius definition of an acid
Definition
a substance in aqueous solution that ionizes to form hydrogen ions, ,or hydronium ion,
Term
bases
Definition
Dissolved in wate
conduct electricity
slippery to the touch
change litmus from red to blue
pH>7
Term
Arrhenuius definition of a base
Definition
both stronge and weak bass generte hydroxide ions ( ) when dissolved in water
Term
strong bases
Definition
ionize completely in soln
sodium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide
Term
weak base
Definition
only partially inize in soln and release only a few
ammonia
Term
limitations to arrhenius definition
Definition
limited to aqueous solutions

does not account for amphoteric substanced
Term
amphoteric substanced
Definition
such as water, that has proerties of both an acid and base
Term
bronsted lowry acid (1923)
Definition
any subsstance that donates a proton to another substance
(a proton is a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron, )
Term
bronsted lowry base
Definition
any substance thay accepts a proton
Term
solution
Definition
homogenous mixture of a solute and a solvent
Term
solvent
Definition
the liquid that dissolves a compound; the major component
Term
solute
Definition
the substances that gets dissolved; minor component
Term
aqueous solution
Definition
solution where water is the solvent
Term
solubility
Definition
depends on interactions of water molecules with the solute
Term
electronegativity
Definition
the ability of an atom to pull shared electrons toward itself
Term
rate of dissolution
Definition
depends on
temperature
surface area of solute
amount of solute already in soln
Term
exothermic reation
Definition
when a net release of energy to the surroundings occurs in a rxn (vessle feels warm)
Term
endothermic reaction
Definition
a net absorbtin of energy from the surroundings occus (rxn vessle feels cool)
Term
activation energy
Definition
energy necessary to start a chemical rxn.

to react, molecules (or atoms or ions) must collide in the proper orientation and with enough kinetic energy to break bonds
Term
heat
Definition
increased the number of collisions by adding energy
Term
atomic mass unit (amu)
Definition
one amu is a mass unit equal to exactly 1/12 the mass of a c-12 atom
Term
formula weight
Definition
the sum of the atomic weights (in amu) of all the atoms in a compound formula

**only when using ionic compounds**
Term
molecular weight
Definition
calculated just like the formula weight, but the term is only correct when strictly referring to molecular (covalent) compounds
Term
energy diagrams
Definition
Term
energy
Definition
all chemical reactions involve a change in energy

energy is absorbed or released in the form of light, heat, electrical energy, or sound
Term
energy absorbed
Definition
to beak bonds
Term
energy released
Definition
when bonds are formed
Term
plus, reacts with
Definition
Term
yields, reacts to form
Definition
Term
gastous' state
Definition
Term
liquid state
Definition
Term
solid state
Definition
Term
aqueous, dissolved in water
Definition
Term
catalyst (make reaction go faster)
Definition
Term
reaction done in presence of heat
Definition
Term
light
Definition
Term
equilibrium
Definition
Term
meth
Definition
1
Term
eth
Definition
2
Term
prop
Definition
3
Term
but
Definition
4
Term
pent
Definition
5
Term
hex
Definition
6
Term
hept
Definition
7
Term
oct
Definition
8
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