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Test 3
Dr. Short
127
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/08/2011

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Term
Differing aptitudes among boys and girls
Definition
Girls are more intimate where as Boys are individualists.  Girls are interpersonal.  Boys like large groups where as girls are in smaller.  Females use conversation where as males find solutions  Boys are more aggressive.  Changes around 50 years old where the roles switch
Term
What is Downs Syndrome?
Definition
Deals with chromosome 21.  There is an extra chromosome and there are 47.  Effects are impairment of cognitive ability and physical growth
Term
What is puberty and what changes occur?
Definition
Fourth stage of Eriksons stages.  Time when adolescents change biologically allowing them to reach sexual maturity.  Changes which occur include growing of hair, voice, hormones, ability to be more abstract (piaget)  Menarche ( first period a women receives)  spermarc (boys first ejaculation),
Term
Who was Jean Piaget and what did he study?
Definition
the stages
Term
first piaget stage
Definition
sensory motor stage which was for babies which dealt with perception and object permanence which is being able to tell that an object continues to be there even though it isn’t in view,  IE hiding something under a blanket.
Term
second piaget stage
Definition
Second stage was preoperational which claimed that here there is egocentrism, which is focusing on self.  Too young here to perform mental operations.  Conservation that believes amount stays the same regardless of the amount or shape so in this stage they are unable to believe this.  Animism which is thinking every object is alive, giving inanimate objects life like characteristics.
Term
third piaget stage
Definition
Third stage- concrete operational- starts to understand conservation and math but no hypothetical or unrealistic deductive reasoning
Term
fourth piaget stage
Definition
Final fourth stage- formal operational- abstract thinking.  Thinking about free will, if this then that sort of reasoning skills,
Term
What are some differences between a childs’ mind of 2-1/2 yrs versus a 3-yr. old?
Definition
Child was not able to find a pepsi can in a real room after seeing a model room with it where as a 3 year old can.  2 and a half year olds do not recognize symbols where as a three year old can.
Term
Who was Kholberg and who was Erikson and what did they study?
Definition
Theory based on moral development. New stages
Term
k stage one
Definition
First stage was preconvention meaning that its all about me.  Example- doing something for benefit of yourself such  as cheat on a test for a better grade.
Term
k stage two
Definition
Second stage is conventional meaning that they work according to rules.  Based on rules and laws as well as social approval and are all conventional.  Example, everyone else is doing it
Term
k stage three
Definition
Third stage is postconventional which is based on human rights, agreed upon rights, example: Taking credit for someone else’s work.  Worrying about needs of others.  Why is this controversial? Seen more in westernized nations, there are no universal agreed upon rights
Term
e stage 1
Definition
First stage-Are my needs met?  Trust or mistrust.
Term
e stage 2
Definition
Second stage- toddler- autonomy vs shame and doubt.  Autonomy means independence
Term
e stage 3
Definition
Third stage- Preschooler, initiative vs guilt
Term
e stage 4
Definition
Fourth stage- elementary school, competence vs inferiority
Term
e stage 5
Definition
Fifth stage- adolescence, identity vs role confusion
Term
e stage 6
Definition
Sixth stage- young adulthood, intimacy vs isolation
Term
e stage 7
Definition
Seventh stage- middle adulthood generatively vs stagnation generatively means contributions
Term
e stage 8
Definition
Eighth stage- late adulthood, integrity vs despair.
Term
physiocial theory
Definition
validate
Term
p stage 1
Definition
1. Sensorimotor: Stage lasting from birth to about age 2. Age that infants are developing the ability to coordinate their sensory input with their motor actions. (at the end of this stage is when a child will start developing the concept of object permanence)
Term
p stage 2
Definition
2. the preoperational: stage lasting from age 2 to age 7. Development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism)
Term
p stage 3
Definition
3.Concrete operational Period: Stage lasting from age 7 to age 11. Mental operations applied to concrete events; mastery of conservation, hierarchical classification.
Term
p stage 4
Definition
4.The formal operational period: Stage from age 11 though adulthood. Mental operations applied to abstract ideas; logical systematic thinking
Term
What is menopause?
Definition
The ending of menstruation which occurs in late 50s. Brings a lot of hormonal changes
Term
Can infants think? How do you know?
Definition
Yes they can because in the video presented during class showed infants were able to react when they saw something that denied the truths they had learned.
Term
What is theory of mind?
Definition
Understanding that other people have minds and intentions. Occurs in the pre-operational stage
Term
Priming;
Definition
Preparing someone to remember something. Way to set people up to remember something, example is to give you a quiz before a class and then go to class to take the quiz so you are ready and know the information
Term
Rehearsal;
Definition
Repetition either outloud or in your head of a certain subject. Helps make our short term memory long term memory. It also puts it back in the cycle of the working short term memory.  You can in theory rehearse indefinitely.
Term
Chunking;
Definition
Putting things together so you can remember more things. 7+\- 2.  FBI, phone numbers, etc; A good example is trying to remember FB-INB-CC-IAIB-M, tough to remember, but FBI-NBC-CIA-IBM is easy because they are all linked
Term
Episodic:
Definition
(declarative memory system-more vulnerable to forgetting) Dated recollections of personal experiences. Ex: first kiss
Term
Procedural:
Definition
(Nondeclarative memory system- doesn’t decline much over long retention intervals) Houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories. Ex: riding a bike, tying your shoes, typing, etc.
Term
Semantic:
Definition
(declarative memory system- more vulnerable to forgetting) General knowledge, stored undated. Ex: Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address
Term
short-term
Definition
Stores unrehearsed information for around 20 seconds. Can hold 7 plus or minus different bits of information
Term
explicit
Definition
Semantic and episodic; semantic is general knowledge not time dated. Episodic is experienced knowledge which is something that happened.  Intentional, you can intentionally recall events. Have to think back to something which you did
Term
flashbulb
Definition
Very vivid memory. Recollection of a momentous event. Example- 9/11. Does not have to be a nationally big event just something big to us.
Term
implicit
Definition
Unintentionally remembering something
Term
sensory
Definition
A memory with our senses which normally lasts about a quarter of a second.
Term
iconic
Definition
A visual memory.
Term
Processes of memory;
Definition
Attention Encoding- focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events; Storage- involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time; Retrieval- recovering information from memory stores
Term
The nature of false memories and how to create them.
Definition
After subtle exposure to misinformation, many people misremember. As a memory fades with time, it is easier to inject misinformation. As we recount an experience, we fill our memory gaps with guesses and assumptions, even imagining nonexistent events can create false memories. Given time a mind in search of fact produces fiction.
Term
retroactive interference.
Definition
new info imparing/stopping the process of new information
Term
proactive interference.
Definition
old info imparing the the ability to create/remember  new information
Term
the spacing effect:
Definition
the more things are spread apart; the things easiest to remember are the ones furthest apart.
Term
Repression;
Definition
take memories and put them in unconscious, most common with rape and abused victims. prevent bad memories and protect them from a traumatic experience.
Term
Mnemonics;
Definition
a way to enhance memory or remember something PEMDAS, ROYGBIV, acronyms. peg-word system- putting numbers to words and making associations.
Term
Acoustic codes:
Definition
represent information as sequences of sounds, dominant (phonemic)
Term
Visual/structural codes:
Definition
represent stimuli as pictures
Term
episodic:
Definition
specific event while present
Term
semantic codes:
Definition
meaning helps you to remember, generalized knowledge of the world that doesn’t require memory of a specific event, emphasizes the meaning of verbal input, thinking about the objects and actions
Term
phonemic encoding:
Definition
emphasizes what a word sounds like
Term
declarative:
Definition
know facts
Term
structural encoding:
Definition
emphasizes physical structure, how words are printed, the length etc.
Term
What is the Bell Curve or Normal Curve?
Definition
Measures group scores not individuals, bases it upon genetics and environment.
Term
What characterizes emotional intelligence? validate
Definition
?
Term
How are IQ tests “biased?”
Definition
Genetics are a range with which the environment acts up. Income and enviroment play a role, motivation
Term
How have IQ tests been used historically?
Definition
-initially made to identify children who were not up to speed so that they could get them in some remedial programs. Goddard used it to identify mentally defective immigrants, Terman and Stern however used it to find diamonds in the rough, trying to find the best and brightest
Term
What is the Intelligent Quotient?
Definition
a child’s mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
Term
What is Spearman’s G?
Definition
General factor of intelligence needed to complete the test-Vision, motor skill, etc
Term
What are the key criteria for measurements of either physical or mental constructs?
Definition
validity and reliability
Term
validity:
Definition
content validity (this psych test) and predictive validity (sat’s)
Term
physical:
Definition
are things you want to measure physically, MRI scans ; mental construct: measuring IQ
Term
I) standardization sample.
Definition
the uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test
Term
I) reliability coefficient.
Definition
on a scale of -1 to 1 how reliable is it, how one factor is related to another factor (how parent’s IQ is related to your IQ)
Term
I) factor analysis.
Definition
correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables
Term
I) normal curve.
Definition
bell shaped curve that represents many characteristics disbursed form the population
Term
I) emotional intelligence.
Definition
capacity to control and identify and access emotions of yourself, others and groups
Term
I) heritability.
Definition
estimates range from 0 to one , (ex. 5 fingers almost a .00 heritability because it has no genetic influence just human, but human weight it a .9 heritability because that has more to do with height and weight ) ;(ratio) and estimate of the porportion of trait variablity that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance
Term
I) savant syndrome.
Definition
Look up
Term
I) divergent thinking.
Definition
Look up
Term
M) rehearsal.
Definition
The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information to be stored in memory
Term
M) the “peg-word” system.
Definition
peg-word system- putting numbers to words and making associations.
Term
M) chunking.
Definition
Putting things together so you can remember more things. 7+\- 2.  FBI, phone numbers, etc
Term
M) the method of loci.
Definition
define
Term
d) late adolescence.
Definition
Fifth stage- adolescence, identity vs role confusion
Term
d) puberty
Definition
Fourth stage of Eriksons stages.  Time when adolescents change biologically allowing them to reach sexual maturity..
Term
d) the preoperational stage.
Definition
Second stage was preoperational which claimed that here there is egocentrism, which is focusing on self.  Too young here to perform mental operations
Term
d) late childhood.
Definition
?
Term
D) pre-conventional;
Definition
self- interest dominates
Term
D) conventional;
Definition
rules
Term
D) post-conventional;
Definition
-social contracts, self agreed upon rights
Term
I) stereotype threat.-
Definition
performing on a test based on how your stereotype predicts your going to perform
Term
I) innate mental inferiority.-
Definition
galten wanted to see which race was more intelligent
Term
I) savant syndrome.
Definition
Look up
Term
I) divergent thinking.
Definition
Look up
Term
M) short-term-
Definition
lasts for 20 seconds of unrehearsed, if you don't make an association it will be gone and not transferred into long term memory
Term
M) explicit-
Definition
process through which people deliberately try to remember
Term
M) flashbulb-
Definition
traumatic experience very vivid and clear, know details
Term
M) implicit
Definition
unintentional recall of past experiences
Term
I) neural plasticity-
Definition
brain will make up for other parts of the brain that is lacking or missing
Term
I) reliability coefficients
Definition
look up
Term
I) intelligence tests
Definition
look up
Term
I) the g factor
Definition
look up
Term
M) retrieval cues.-
Definition
priming can trigger memory and retrieval helps you choose the right memory because of previous associations made
Term
M) sensory memories.-
Definition
very short, have to do with sense and stimuli (ex. writing name with sparklers, its really gone but our sensory info fills in the blanks)
Term
M) state-
Definition
dependent memories.-way a memory is encoded is the best way to retrieve it
Term
M) serial position effects:
Definition
remember first and last things the best.(ex: on a list or from a movie).
Term
A) echoic memory-
Definition
short term memory; acoustic encoding
Term
D) iconic memory-
Definition
visual encoding; pictures
Term
A) self-interest-
Definition
preconventional morality
Term
B) laws and rules-
Definition
conventional morality
Term
C) social approval-
Definition
conventional morality
Term
D) affirming agreed upon rights
Definition
post conventional
Term
A) encoding.-
Definition
involves forming a memory code
Term
A) sensory memory.
Definition
-we are bombarded with stimulus info. Sensory memory serves to bring coherence and continuity to the world. Stores information for only about a second
Term
B) the next-in-line effect.
Definition
??
Term
D) the serial position effect.
Definition
??
Term
A) validity-
Definition
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict;
Term
reliability-
Definition
Consistent measurement (e.g. weight scale, SAT, GRE, GMAT)
Term
A) preoperational:(2-7)
Definition
Improves in use of mental images and symbolic though
Term
Centration:
Definition
tendency to focus on one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects; rreversibility: Inability to envision reversing an action, cant mentally undo something.
Term
B) concrete operational: (7-11)
Definition
Mental operations, children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events, they have reversiabilty and decentration
Term
:C) sensorimotor period:
Definition
Infants are developing the ability to coordinate their sensory input with there motor actions
Term
D) formal operational: (11 years and above),
Definition
apply operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects; incerasing abstract, systematic, logical, and reflective
Term
A) short-term-
Definition
represents the present,  allows you to organize, solve problems
Term
\C) mood-congruent-
Definition
?
Term
D) explicit:
Definition
Process which people deliberately remember something
Term
A) the serial position effect-
Definition
remember first and last things the best (ex. beginning and end of a movie)
Term
B) the spacing effect-
Definition
study as you go=good all at once =bad
Term
C) the misinformation effect
Definition
- our mind will run with a false memory when primed even if memory did not occur
Term
D) long-term potentiation
Definition
?
Term
A) sensory memory.-
Definition
we are bombarded with stimulus info. Sensory memory serves to bring coherence and continuity to the world. Stores information for only about a second
Term
B) proactive interference.
Definition
?
Term
C) visual encoding.-
Definition
represent stimuli as pictures
Term
D) memory.-
Definition
persistence of learning over time, billions of data
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