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Test 3 Definitions
Biomechanics, Support & Locomotion definitions
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
03/24/2011

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Term
isotonic muscle contraction
Definition
muscle shorts, causing movement (work)
Term
isometric muscle contraction
Definition
muscle cannot shorten, no work is performed
Term
tonic muscle
Definition
does not fatigue easily due to slow sustained contractions

many endplates to each fibers

requires many impulses for impulse contraction
Term
twitch
Definition
single motor endplate per fiber

fires all or nothing manner

multiple impulses lead to max force= TETANUS
Term
slow twitch
Definition
energy from 02 metabolism, lots of myoglobin, contract slowly, does not fatigue, good for sustained repetitive task
Term
fast twitch
Definition
energy from anaerobic glycolysis, very little myoglobin, contracts faster than O2 can be delievered, fatigues easily, rapid movements of short duration
Term
biomechanics
Definition
understanding how natural selection has solved problems, especially during transitions
Term
inertia
Definition
inert characteristic of matter that resists change in motion
Term
mass
Definition
inertial quantity in kg= amount of material
Term
force
Definition
change in state of motion of an object
Term
weight
Definition
special force, mass attracted to center of gravitational body
Term
velocity
Definition
change in position over time
Term
acceleration/deceleration
Definition
rate of change of velocity in a particular direction
Term
momentum
Definition
quality of moving body that resists change in current state of motion (p=mv)
Term
shear
Definition
application of force parallel to surface within object, often causing displacement
Term
bending
Definition
force applied where tension occurs on convex surface and compression on concave surface
Term
moment (torque)
Definition
turning, twisting, or rotational effect of a force, causing angular acceleration/displacement
Term
moment arm
Definition
perpendicular distance from action line to center of rotation
Term
action arm
Definition
direct distance long structure from point of force to pivot point
Term
lever
Definition
fulcrum plus 1 or more lever arms
Term
strain
Definition
overall deformation or change in dimensions
Term
stress
Definition
force per unit area on a given plane

internal reaction forces wihtin a material
Term
elasticity
Definition
tendency of an object to return to original state after undergoing strain when load is removed
Term
plasticity
Definition
tendency of object not to return to original state
Term
strength
Definition
point at which material will fail
Term
moment of inertia
Definition
resistance to bending during static loading
Term
viscous
Definition
resistant to flow
Term
anguilliform
Definition
majority of body except head

ex. eel/salamander
Term
caringiform
Definition
1/2 of body

ex. jack/alligator
Term
thunniform
Definition
tail + some trunk

ex. tuna
Term
ostraciform
Definition
tail only

ex. boxfish
Term
propulsive stage
Definition
foot on the ground that develops thrust and acceleration
Term
swing phase
Definition
foot removed from ground and advanced in the air
Term
stride
Definition
one cycle of leg
Term
gait
Definition
combination by which different feet are on the ground
Term
duty factor
Definition
% of time during a stride that a particular foot is on the ground
Term
lateral sequence, diagonal couplet
Definition
L hind-> L front-> R hind-> R front

duty factor= 0.75

turtles, reptiles, amphibians
Term
pace
Definition
legs on one side of the body move together & are out of phase with the other side
Term
trot
Definition
diagonal feet move in unison with a suspended phase

reptiles may use w/o suspended phase
Term
fast gallop
Definition
one hind leg provides thrust, followed by both, then foreleg. and solo foreleg that suspends animal
Term
half bound
Definition
2 hind legs thrust almost simulataneously, flight period, forefeet hit apart, second suspended phase

rabbits, squirrels, weasels, a croc!
Term
unguligrade foot pressure
Definition
walk on tips of digits with modified terminal phalanx and a claw for a hoof

ex. ungulates
Term
plantigrade foot pressure
Definition
soles of feet are on the ground

ex. primates
Term
digitigrade foot pressure
Definition
wrists and ankles carried off ground

ex. running carnivores, dinosaurs
Term
mesaxonic foot
Definition
odd toed

perrisodactyls- horses, rhinos, and elephants

central 3rd digit is axis
Term
mesaxonic foot
Definition
odd toed

perrisodactyls- horses, rhinos, and elephants

central 3rd digit is axis
Term
paraxonic foot
Definition
even toed

arteriodactyls- pigs, deer, camels, cattle

axis between 3rd and 4th digits
Term
parasaggital locomotion
Definition
ungulate legs

for-aft leg swing, supination (roll of manus) and bones are lost, fusion occurs
Term
alula
Definition
feathers that create a slot through which air travels at a greater velocity to prevent seperation on upper wing surface
Term
fusiform/strap muscles
Definition
large extension, fast contraction, sarcomeres in series

used for low force rapid movement or extensive movement
Term
pennate muscles
Definition
short extension but high force
used to start movements, dont bulge much
Term
circular/sphincteral muscles
Definition
constriction/dialation of lumens, surround orifaces
Term
somatic muscle
Definition
form outer body tube

derived from somite, lateral plate mesoderm
Term
somatic muscle
Definition
form outer body tube

derived from somite, lateral plate mesoderm
Term
visceral muscles
Definition
support gut cavity, walls of heart & blood vessels

derived from splanchic later of lateral plate mesoderm
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