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Sum Test 2 chapter 9, 20,21 Blood hear muscle
Test 2 chapter 9, 20,21 Blood hear muscle
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/16/2013

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Term
The blood is composed of 2 portions
Definition
plasma and formed elements
Term
Formed element in the blood
Erythrocytes- (RBC; red blood cells)

(?) Function
Definition
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
Formed element in the blood

Thrombocytes (platelets)- Function
Definition
for blood clotting
Term
Formed element in the blood

Leucocytes (WBC)-
Function
Definition
components of the immune system
Term
Leucocytes (WBC)- components of the immune system
2 types
Definition
Granular- neutrophils, eosinophil’s and basophils
A granular- (non glandular) – monocytes; lymphocytes
Term
Blood type inherent

AA=
Definition
type A blood
Term
Blood type inherent

AO
Definition
type A blood
Term
Blood type inherent

BB
Definition
type B blood
Term
Blood type inherent

BO
Definition
type B blood,
Term
Blood type inherent
AB
Definition
type AB Blood
Term
Blood type inherent

00
Definition
type O blood
Term
Blood

Universal Donor= Type 0
Definition
Type 0
Term
Blood

Universal Recipient=
Definition
type AB
Term
Blood

Rh+ Rh+ =
Definition
Rh+

the person would be Rh+ (means they could synthesize the Rh protein
Term
Blood

Rh+ Rh-=
Definition
the person would be RH+
Term
Blood

Rh- and Rh- =
Definition
the person would be Rh- (lack the ability to synthesize the Rh protein)
Term
What happens if you don't get the right blood match
Definition
Blood proteins on the surface of the cell that must be matched or it could cause death ABO and Rh in blood protein
If the blood proteins are not matched correctly, if not the recipient of the mismatch will have an immune system generated antibodies (agglutinin) against the foreign blood
Term
What happen if the person is Rh- and tries to give to a RH + person
Definition
If the person has a Rh- and you try to give an Rh+ this is a condition known as hemolytic disease of newborns (erthroblastosis fetalis) occurs when mom and baby are different. Must give mom Rhogram so mom does attack baby
Term
How do you define cardiac output?
Definition
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle/min (units=L/m)
Term
In the heart contraction what is systole?
Definition
Systole= contraction
Term
What is diastole?
Definition
Diastole=relaxation
Term
Be able to state the steps for the sliding filament model for muscle contraction
Definition
1.Action potential (electrical stimulation) from somatic (efferent) motor nerve stimulates skeletal muscle fiber
2.Cause release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum
3.Calcium ions bind to troponin, troponin changes shape
4.Tropomyosin is moved off of the cross bridge binding sites found in actin
5.Myosin cross bridges bind to cross bridge binding sites found on actin
6.ATP via ATPase form ADP and Pi and ENERGY
7.Actin slides pass myosin, i.e. a contraction (sliding filament model)
8.Active transport pump carries calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, troponin return to the pre-calcium ion shape; tropomyosin blocks the cross bridge binding sites on actin, ATP reform releasing the bond between actin and myosin
Term
Function of a heart valve
Definition
Permit blood flow in one direction preventing (backflow or regurgitation) of blood opening and closing under the control of the blood pressure generated by the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles of the ventricles
Term
AV valves found between atria and ventricle

List them?
Definition
AV valves found between atria and ventricle

Tricuspid valve=found on the right side between atrium and ventricle, it has 3 flaps

Bicuspid (mitral) valve= found on left side between atrium and ventricle; it has 2 flaps
Term
2 semilunar valves

List them
Definition
There are 2 semilunar valves

Aortic semilunar valve= located in aorta as it leaves left ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve= located in the aorta as it leaves the left ventricle
Term
List the 4 valves of the heart
Definition
1. Tricuspid valve=found on the right side between atrium and ventricle, it has 3 flaps
2. Bicuspid (mitral) valve= found on left side between atrium and ventricle; it has 2 flaps
3 Aortic semilunar valve= located in aorta as it leaves left ventricle
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve= located in the aorta as it leaves the left ventricle
Term
What is plasma
Definition
Plasma=the liquids (matrix) portion of the blood with dissolved substances like blood gases, digested food, hormones, enzymes and electrolytes
Term
Plasma is made up of/
Definition
Water- 92% of plasma-dissolves and transports organic and inorganic molecules, aides in heat transfer and maintaining body heat as well as controlling blood pressure.
Plasma Proteins-7% of plasma-(albumins; globulins, fibrinogens)
Term
Cations in plasma (electrolytes)
Definition
Cations=positive charged electrolytes (Na+; K+, Ca++, Mg++, H+)
Term
Anions in plasma (electrolyte)
Definition
Anions= negatively charged electrolytes (Cl-; PO4---, So4--, HCO3-, OH-)
Term
Function of plasma
Definition
Help maintain blood pressure, and normal pH
Term
Name the three types of plasma proteins?
Definition
-(albumins; globulins, fibrinogens)
Term
Describe the plasma protein albumin
Definition
Albumin-major contributor to osmotic concentration of plasma and transport some lipids
Term
Describe the plasma protein globulins
Definition
Globulins-immunoglobins (antibodies) attach foreign proteins and pathogens
And transport globulins bind small ions, hormones or compounds that are insoluble or filtered out of kidney
Term
Describe the plasma protein fibrinogen
Definition
Fibrinogens-manufactured by the liver and necessary in blood clotting
Term
Name the three types of muscle tissue
Definition
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Term
What are Isotonic contractions?
Definition
1. Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions
2. The muscle shortens

Ex: Bending the knee, rotating the arms, and smiling
Term
What are Isometric contractions?
Definition
. Tension in the muscled increases
2. The muscle is unable to shorten

Ex: Muscles are contracting isometrically when you try to life a 400 lb dresser alone. When you straghten a bent elbow, the triceps muscle is contracting isotonically. But when youpus against a wall with bent elbows, the wall doesn't move, and the triceps muscles, which cannot shorted to straighten the elbows, are contracting isometrically
Term
arteries
Definition
vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Term
Veins
Definition
vessels that carry blood back into the heart
Term
Pericardium (Name 2 parts)
Definition
outer portion of a serous membrane
1. fibrous pericardium= the outer portion consisting of connective tissues used to anchor the heart to the body.
2. serous pericardium= the inner portion consisting of an epithelial serous membrane that produce watery fluid that lubricates the heart which moves within pericardial sac
Term
myocardium
Definition
the heart (cardiac)muscle which is the main structure of the heart
Term
mediastinum
Definition
the area located between the lungs where the heart is located, heart is situated so that about 1/3 of the heart is on the right side while remaining two thirds is on the left side
Term
endocardium
Definition
the simple squamous epithelial lining of the cavities within the heart, the endocardium continues into the blood vessels where the lining is in direct contact with the blood
Term
''Trace the pathway for electric current flow through the electrical conducting system, stating with the hearts natural pacemakes”
Definition
sino atrial node-intermodal pathways-atrioventricular node -atrioventicular bundle (AV Bundle) right/left bundle brances-purkinge fibers
Term
Be able to define in anatomical/physiological terms the state known as muscle tone
Definition
Muscles are partially contracted state at low level of activity, muscle tone is maintained by a normal reflex and is improved with exercise, the muscles within a group are not all contracting at the same time but rather some muscles contract while other relax and then muscles reverse allowing some muscles to be contracting while others rest. Number of muscle fibers decrease with age.
Term
Be able to state and explain the various forms of energy used to keep muscle cells operating
Definition
1.Creatine phosphate (CP, the P possessing a high energy bond)
2.Oxidative phosphorylation of glucose (Kreb’s cycle and the electron transport system) and beta oxidation (lipid catabolism)
3.Glycolysis
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