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Test 2 Ch.5
Learning
51
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/21/2013

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Term
Learning
Definition
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. (straight from book)
Term
3 Forms of Learning
Definition
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
-occurs by association between events in our environment
-Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
-In other words, when one event precedes another we learn to associate one event with the other.

ex. pavlov's dogs
Term
Pavlov's dogs was an example of...
Definition
Classical Conditioning
Term
Pavlov's dogs
Definition
There are two unrelated stimuli (bell and food)
Food (US) produces salivation (UR).
The tone (NS) does not produce salivation (UR).Tone (NS) and Food (US) are paired resulting in salivation (UR).
After conditioning NS becomes conditioned stimulus (now CS) and elicits salivation (now Conditioned Response, CR)
Term
In one of Pavlov's studies, he trained a dog to salivate in response to a buzzer by repeatedly sounding a buzzed before placing food in the dog's mouth. The buzzer became a(n) __________, and the salivation to the sound of the buzzer became a(n) __________.
Definition
Conditioned Stimulus

Conditioned response
Term
Stimulus-Stimulus Learning
Definition
Learning to associate one stimulus to another

lighting followed by thunder example
Term
Acquisition
Definition
The inital stage in classical conditioning during which association between a neutral stimulus and a Unconditioned Stimulus takes place.
Term
Extinction
Definition
loss of the conditioning if you stop pairing the two stimulus
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
after a rest period an extinguished CR spontaneously recovers
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS is called generalization. or the tendency to respond to stimuli not present during training.
Term
Stimulus Discrimination
Definition
the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimulit that do not signal a US
Term
Little Albert experiment
Definition
by John B watson

showing that classical conditioning was learned in an infant

phobias are a conditioned emotional response
Term
The phenomena in which a conditioned response reoccurs when the CS is presented after a period of extinction is called:
Definition
Spontaneous Recovery
Term
Operant conditioning vs. Classical Conditioning
Definition
Classical- forms associations between stimuli ( CS & US)

Operant - forms associations between behaviors and resulting events
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
a behavior that operates on the environment producing a rewarding or punishing stimuli

BEHAVIOR FOCUSED
Term
Thorndike's law of effect
Definition
Behavior with good consequences tend to repeat whereas behaviors with bad consequences are not repeated
Term
Skinner Box
Definition
Study of rat pressing lever to receive reward
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
any event that increases the future probability a behavior will occur (strengthens the behavior it follows)

REINFORCEMENT ALWAYS INCREASES BEHAVIOR
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
add a desirable stimulus

ex. getting a hug, receiving a paycheck
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Removing an aversive stimulus

ex. fastening seatbelt to remove beeping
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink
Term
conditioned or secondary reinforcer
Definition
is a learned reinforcer. it gets its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer

ex. money, grades, attention
Term
3 types of Secondary Reinforcers
Definition
Social (attention, praise, smiles, hugs)
Activity (Games, toys, recess)
Token (Money, Grades, Points, Stars)
Term
Immediate Reinforcer
Definition
a reinforcer that occurs closely to a behavior in time.

ex. rat gets food when presses lever
Term
Delayed Reinforcer
Definition
a reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior,

ex. a paycheck at the end of a work week
Term
Reinforcement Schedules
Definition
Fixed Interval (Set time)
Variable Interval (Random Time)
Fixed Ratio (Set Number of times)
Variable Ratio (random number of times)
Term
Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest rate in responding (i.e., more instances of the target behavior)?
Definition
Continuous Reinforcement
Term
Shaping
Definition
Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer towards target behavior through successive approximations.

Ex. Skinner getting pigeon to turn around
Term
Reinforcement and Punishment Rules
Definition
Reinforcement- Strengthening behavior
Punishment- Weakens behavior

Positive- adding something
negative- removing something
Term
Positive Punishment
Definition
administer an aversive stimulus

ex. spanking, parking ticket
Term
Negative Punishment
Definition
withdraw a desirable stimulus

ex. time out from privileges, revoke drivers license
Term
Kid calls mom a curse word..

Mom spanks him is?
take away laptop is?
Gave him timeout is?
Definition
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
negative punishment
Term
A teenager misses her curfew and has the keys to the family car taken away from her for a week; she doesn’t miss curfew again. An child gets his favorite toy taken away for throwing a tantrum in the store. Tantrum throwing is decreased. Both of these examples illustrate the use of a
Definition
Negative Punisher
Term
Cues
Definition
signals as to which behavior will be reinforced or punished

ex. skinner using lights and colored discs
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
a breakdown in learning ability caused by repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events

ex. dog w/ electric floor example
Term
Behavior Modification
Definition
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.. you can strengthen or weaken behavior
Term
token economy
Definition
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with token (treats for dogs)
Term
Time out
Definition
a form of mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others.
Term
Cognitive Learning theory
Definition
the idea of that you choose to do something not because it is reinforced but simply because you choose to do so.
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
is when an organism learns something in its life but the knowledge is not immediately expressed.

ex. rats in maze going through maze faster when the cheese is at the end
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
learning through observation and imitating others


human have mirror neurons that activate when they are observationally learning
Term
Knowing the location of the alternative entrances into a building without having ever used them before is an example of:
Definition
Latent Learning
Term
John Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment is a classic example of…
Definition
Classical Conditioning
Term
Which researcher conducted conditioning experiments with punishing and rewarding rats in a box?
Definition
Skinner
Term
An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.
1)Type of Learning?
2)what is the drug?
3)what is the increased HR?
Definition
1) Stimulus- Stimulus Learning and Classical conditioning
2) Unconditioned Stimulus
3) Unconditioned Response
Term
Which of the following statements about conditioning is false, according to Pavlov?

The CS and UCS must come together close in time
The CS must come immediately after the UCS
The neutral stimulus and UCS must be paired several times before conditioning takes place
The CS is usually some rather distinctive stimulus
Definition
The CS must come immediately after the UCS
Term
The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called ______.
Definition
Higher Order conditioning
Term
Operant conditioning involves an association between…
Definition
Voluntary behavior and its consequences
Term
A lion trainer teaches a lion to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop by giving him a treat every time he successfully completes the action 5 times in a row.

The treat the lion receives is?
what schedule is his reinforcement?
Definition
Positive Reinforcement

Fixed Ratio
Term
Dog shock collars, which give the animal a painful electrocution every time they walk outside a designated area, are an example of what?
Definition
positive punishment
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