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Test 2
Chapters 7-12
19
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
03/14/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Brain Plasticity
Definition
the ability to compensate for injuries to particular areas
-greatest at about 1-2 yrs of age
Term
Taste Preferences for Babies
Definition
-is somewhat environmental
-prefer sweet and salty foods and eat too much of them
-parents serve as role model for which types of food a child will eat
Term
Left Handedness
Definition
Pros
-higher math ability
-success in athletics
-musical fields
CONS
-dyslexia
-stuttering
-high bl. press.
-psych. disorders
Term
Consequences of diarrhea in children
Definition
-kills nearly two million children under the age of 5 each year
-due to unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation/hygiene
Term
Typical age for children to be toilet trained.
Definition
5 years old unless they occur at least twice a month for 5 and 6 yr olds
Term
Piaget's Theory
Definition
-preoperational children do not understand that other people may have different perspectives on the world
-3 mountains test (constructed to their own view points instead of dolls)
Term
Conservation (Piaget)
Definition
-requires the ability to focus on two aspects of a situation at once, such as height and width
Term
Cognitive Scaffolding
Definition
-temporary support provided by a parent or teacher to learning children
-guidance until capable of carrying out on own
Term
Outcomes of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children?
Definition
-Studies of Head Start and other enrichment programs show that environmental enrichment as well as parent education can enhance the cognitive development of economically disadvantaged children.
Term
Warm Parents
Definition
-More likely to be affectionate toward their children and less likely to physically discipline than cold parents
-Children of warm parents are warm, accepting, more likely to develop internalized standards of conduct and a moral sense or conscience
Term
Authoritative Parents
Definition
-parents are restrictive and demanding yet communicative and warm
Term
Authoritarian Parents
Definition
-demanding submission and obedience
Term
Permissive-Indulgent
Definition
-parents are warm and not restrictive
Term
Impact of Arrival of new baby on siblings
Definition
-Preschoolers may feel stress due to the birth of a sibling and the changes within the family.
-Older child may feel displaced and resentful due to the attention given to the new baby.
-Regression to baby-like behaviors, such as increased clinging, crying, and toilet accidents may occur.
-Some children may show increased independence by dressing themselves and helping to take care of the baby.
Term
Are there gender differences in empathy?
Definition
-Girls show more empathy than boys
Term
Theories of Aggression
Definition
-Genetic factors may be involved in aggressive behavior as well as criminal and antisocial behavior.
-Males more aggressive than females, possibly due to testosterone
-Aggressive children lack empathy and perspective taking.
-Reinforcement and observational learning may contribute to aggression.
Term
Aggression Cont.
Definition
Preschoolers’ aggression instrumental or possession oriented
Older preschoolers more likely to engage in resolving conflicts over toys by sharing rather than fighting
Aggressive behavior causes rejection
By age 6 or 7, aggression is hostile and person oriented
Boys more likely to show aggression
Aggressive 8-year-olds more aggressive than peers 22 years later; more likely to have criminal records, abuse their spouse, and drive while drunk
Term
Why are certain disabilities (like ADHD, learning disabilities) not diagnosed until middle childhood?
Definition
Child shows excessive inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity
The degree of hyperactivity is crucial
Typically occurs by age 7
Impairs ability to function at school
Sometimes overdiagnosed to encourage better behavior at school
Term
What are some concerns about the diagnosis of ADD and ADHD?
Definition
-Sometimes it is over diagnosed
-some children who simply misbehave are diagnosed and encouraged to behave
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