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Details Title TEST 2 Description Chapter 5 Total Cards 109 Subject Anatomy Created 03/08/2011

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Term What are the three major layers of the skin?	Definition - Epidermis - Dermis - Hypodermis (superficial fascia)
Term What is the outermost protective shield of the body?	Definition Epidermis
Term What is the tough, leathery layer composed mostly of fibrous connective tissue?	Definition Dermis
Term Only this layer is vascularized.	Definition Dermis
Term How do nutrients reach the epidermis?	Definition By diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.
Term The subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin is known as the _____________.	Definition Hypodermis
Term True or False The Hypodermis is not part of the skin.	Definition True- however it does share some of the sin's protective functions.
Term Why is the hypodermis also called the superficial fascia?	Definition Because it is superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping of the skeletal muscles, consists mostly of adipose tissue.
Term Because of its fatty composition, this layer also acts as a shock absorber and an insulator that reduces heat loss from the body.	Definition Hypodermis
Term This layer is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consisting of four distinct cell types and four or five distinct layers	Definition Epidermis
Term What is the chief role of keratinocytes in the epidermis layer?	Definition to produce keratin, the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties
Term What is keratin?	Definition the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties.
Term Where do keratinocytes arise from in the epidermis layer?	Definition From a cell layer deep in the epidermis called the stratum basale.
Term Spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin.	Definition Melanocytes
Term Found in the deepest layer of the epidermis	Definition Melanin
Term What happens when melanin granules accumulate of the superficial, or "sunny", side of the keratinocyte nucleus?	Definition They form a pigment shield that protects the nucleus from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
Term - star shaped - arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis	Definition Epidermal dendritic cells
Term These are also called Langerhans cells	Definition Epidermal dendritic cells
Term These cells ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system.	Definition Langerhan Cells/ Epidermal dendritic cells
Term Functions as a sensory receptor for touch	Definition Tactile or Merkel disc
Term Covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet.	Definition Thick Skin
Term The five epidermis layers that cover thick skin.	Definition 1. Stratum Corneum 2. Stratum Granulosum 3. Stratum Spinosum 4. Stratum Basale 5. Stratum Lucidum
Term How many layers are in the think skin, and which layer is absent.	Definition 4 layers in the thin skin Stratum Lucidum is absent
Term the deepest epidermal layer, is attached to the underlying dermis along a wavy borderline that reminds one of corrugated cardboard	Definition Stratum basale
Term  Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis  Single row of stem cells  Also called stratum germinativum: cells undergo rapid division  Journey from basal layer to surface	Definition Basal Layer
Term  Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes  Abundant melanin granules and dendritic cells	Definition Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)
Term  Thin; three to five cell layers in which the cells flatten  Keratohyaline and lamellated granules accumulate	Definition Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)
Term  In thick skin  Thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum  A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes	Definition Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)
Term  20–30 rows of dead, flat, keratinized membranous sacs  Three-quarters of the epidermal thickness	Definition Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)
Term protect the skin against abrasion and penetration, and the glycolipid between its cells nearly waterproofs this layer. They are familiar to everyone as the dandruff shed from the scalp and dander, the loose flakes that slough off dry skin. The average person sheds 40lbs of this which account for the majority of our dust in our houses.	Definition Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)
Term While walking barefoot in the barn, Jeremy stepped on a rusty nail that penetrated the depth of the epidermis on the sole of his foot, Name the layers the nail pierced from the superficial skin surface to the junction with the dermis.	Definition Since the sole of the foot has thick skin, the layers from the most superficial to deepest would be the Stratum Corneum, the Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, and Stratum basale.
Term The stratum basale is also called the stratum germinativum, a name that refers to the major function of this cell layer. What is that function?	Definition The stratum basale undergoes almost continuous mitosis to replace cells lost by abrasion.
Term Why are the desmosomes connecting the keratinocytes so important?	Definition The skin is subjected to a lot of abrasion and physical trauma, The desmosomes, which are connecting junctions, help to hold the cells together during such stress.
Term Given that epithelia are avascular, what layer would be expected to have the best nourished cells?	Definition The stratum basale, which abuts the dermis where the blood supply is, has the best nourished cells.
Term The second major skin region, is strong, flexible connective tissue. Its cells are typical of those found in any connective tissue proper: fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasional mast cells and white blood cells.	Definition Dermis
Term What are the two layers of the Dermis called?	Definition Papillary and Reticular Layer
Term Areolar connective tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels.	Definition Papillary Layer
Term accounting for about 80% of the thickness of the dermis, is coarse, irregularly arranged, dense fibrous connective tissue.	Definition Reticular Layer
Term What layer of the dermis is responsible for producing fingerprint patterns?	Definition Papillary Layer
Term What cell component of the hypodermis makes it a good shock absorber?	Definition Fatty tissue in the hypodermis gives it insulating and shock-absorbing properties.
Term You have just gotten a paper cut. It is very painful, but it doesn't bleed. Has the cut penetrated into the dermis or just the epidermis.	Definition Because there is no bleeding, the cut has penetrated into the avascular epidermis only.
Term What three pigments contribute to skin color?	Definition Melanin, Carotene, and hemoglobin
Term Which pigment is made in the skin?	Definition Melanin
Term a polymer made of tyrosine amino acids. Its two forms range in color from yellow to tan to reddish-brown to black.	Definition Melanin
Term a yellow to organe pigment found in certain plant products such as carrots. It tends to accumulate in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis. Its color is most obvious on the palms and soles.	Definition Carotene
Term the pinkish hue of fair skin reflects the crimson color of this oxygenated pigment.	Definition Hemoglobin
Term Melanin and carotene are two pigments that contribute to skin color. What is the third and where is it found?	Definition Hemoglobin, the pigment found in red blood cells found in blood vessles of the dermis.
Term What is cyanosis and what does it indicate?	Definition it is a bluish cast of the skin that indicates that hemoglobin in the red blood cells in the dermal capillaries is poorly oxygenated.
Term What alteration in skin color may indicate a liver disorder?	Definition Jaundice or a yellow cast to the skin due to the deposit of yellow bile pigments in body tissues may indicate a liver disorder.
Term Another name for sweat glands	Definition Sudoriferous Glands
Term distributed over the entire skin surface except the nipples and parts of the external genitalia.	Definition Sudoriferous glands
Term Two Types of sweat glands	Definition Eccrine and Apocrine
Term Another name for Eccrine glands	Definition Merocrine sweat glands
Term far more numerous and are particularly abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead.	Definition Eccrine sweat glands
Term a hypotonic filtrate of the blood that passes through the secretory cells of the sweat glands and is released by exocytosis.	Definition Eccrine gland secretion (sweat)
Term Is sweat an acid or base?	Definition Acidic with a pH between 4-6.
Term Through which system is sweating regulated by?	Definition the autonomic nervous system
Term Where are the apocrine sweat glands found?	Definition in the axillary and anogenital areas
Term Sometimes these glands produce a yellow or milky color.	Definition Apocrine glands
Term Another name for sebaceous glands	Definition Oil Glands
Term Simple branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body except in the thick skin of the palms and soles.	Definition Sebaceous glands
Term softens and lubricates the hair and skin, prevents hair from becoming brittle, and slows water loss from the skin when the external humidity is low.	Definition Sebum
Term What specific hormone secretes sebum?	Definition Androgens
Term Which cutaneous glands are associated with hair follicle?	Definition Sebaceous (oil) glands and apocrine glands are associated with the hair follicles.
Term When Anthony returned home from a run in 85 degree weather, his face was dripping with sweat. Why?	Definition His sympathetic nervous system activated his eccrine sweat glands and caused heat-induced sweating in order to the cool the body.
Term What is the difference between heat-induced sweating and a "cold sweat," and which variety of sweat glands is involved?	Definition Heat-induced sweating occurs all over the body when we are overheated. A cold sweat is emotionally induced sweateing that begins on the palms, soles, and armpits and then sspread to other body area. Both types of sweating are produced by the eccrine sweat glands, but activity of apocrine sweat glands is also likely during a cold sweat.
Term Sebaceous glands are not found in thick skin. Why is their absence in those body regions desirable?	Definition The palms of the hands and soles of the feet are thick skin areas. It would be dangerous to have oily soles, and oily palms would decrease the ability of the hands to hang onto things.
Term Flexible strands produced by hair follicles and consist largely of dead, keratinized cell	Definition Hairs or "pili"
Term The region of hair where the portion in which keratinization is complete	Definition Shaft
Term The region of hair where keratinization is still ongoing.	Definition Root
Term Projects from the skin, extends about halfway down the portion of the hair embedded in the skin	Definition The Shaft
Term the remainder of the hair deep within the follicle	Definition Root
Term Consists of large cells and air spaces. The only part of the hair that contains soft keratin. Is absent in fine hairs.	Definition Medulla
Term A bulky layer surrounding the medulla, consists of several layers of flattened cells.	Definition Cortex
Term Formed from a single layer of cells that overlap one another from below like shingles ona roof. This arrangement helps to keep neighboring hairs apart so that the hair does not mat. Most heavily keratinized part of the hair, provides strength and helps keep the inner layers tightly compacted. Tends to wear away at the tip of the hair shaft, allowing keratin fibrils in the cortex and medulla to frizz out, creating "split ends".	Definition Cuticle
Term Hair pigment is made by __________ at the base of the hair follicle and transferred to the cortical cells.	Definition malanocytes
Term Red hair is colored by the iron-containing pigment called ______	Definition Trichosiderin
Term Gray or white hair results from????	Definition Decreased melanin production and from the replacement of melanin by air bubbles in the hair shaft.
Term fold down from the epidermal surface into the dermis. In the scalp, they may even extend into the hypodermis.	Definition Hair follicles
Term The deep end of the follicle below the skin surface, is expanded, forming a _______.	Definition Hair bulb
Term A knot of sensory nerve endings called a _____________ wraps around each hair bulb.	Definition Hair follicle receptor AKA Root hair plexus
Term a nipple-like bit of dermal tissue, protrudes into the hair bulb. this contains a knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to the growing hair and signals it to grow.	Definition Hair Papilla
Term The wall of a hair follicle is composed of an outer _______ ________ _____ ____, derived from the dermis	Definition Connective tissue root sheath
Term The wall of a hair follicle is composed of a thickened basement membrane called the _____ _____.	Definition Glassy Membrane
Term The wall of a hair follicle is composed of an inner ____ ___ ____ derived mainly from an invagination of the epidermis.	Definition Epithelial root sheath
Term thins as it approaches the hair bulb, so that only a single layer of epithelial cells covers the papilla.	Definition Epithelial root sheath
Term Actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces the hair.	Definition Hair matrix
Term The cells that compose the hair matrix originate in a region called the _____	Definition Hair bulge
Term Associated with each hair follicle is a bundle of smooth muscle cells called an ________ "raiser of hair"	Definition Arrector Pili
Term What are the concentric regions of a hair shaft, from the outside in?	Definition The regions of a hair from outside in are the cuticle, cortex, and medulla.
Term Why is having your hair cut painless?	Definition There are no nerves in the hair, so cutting hair is painless.
Term What is the role of an arrector pili muscle?	Definition The arrector pili muscles pull the hair to the upright position.
Term What is the function of the hair papilla?	Definition The hair papilla contains a knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to cells of the hair bulb.
Term Why is the lunule of a nail white instead of pink like the rest of the nail?	Definition The lunule of the nail is white because the thick nail matrix that underlies it blocks the rosy color of the dermal blood supply from showing though.
Term Why are nails so hard?	Definition Nails are hard because the keratin they contain is the hard keratin variety.
Term the least malignant and most common skin cancer. Stratum basale cells proliferate, invading the dermis and hypodermis. The cancer lesions occur most often on sun-exposed areas of the face and appear as shiny, dome shaped nodules that later develop a central ulcer with a pearly, beaded edge. This is relatively slow growing, and metastasis seldom occurs before it is noticed.	Definition Basal Cell Carcinoma
Term the second most common skin cancer, arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum. The lesion appears as a scaly reddened papule that arises most often on the head, and hands. It tends to grow rapidly and metastasize if not removed. If it is caught early and removed surgically or by radiation therapy, the chance of complete cure is good.	Definition Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Term the most dangerous skin cancer because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy. It is the cancer of melanocytes. 1/3 develop from preexisting moles.	Definition Melanoma
Term a tissue damage infliceted by intesne heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all of which denature cell proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas.	Definition Burns
Term Only the epidermis is damaged. Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain. Tend to heal in two to three days without special attention. Usually a sunburn.	Definition First Degree Burns
Term Injure the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Symptoms mimic those of first-degree burns, but blisters also appear.	Definition Second Degree Burns
Term Skin grafting is usually necessary. No feeling from the burn.	Definition Third Degree Burns
Term Which type of skin cancer develops from the youngest epidermal cells?	Definition Basal cell carcinoma develops from the youngest epidermal cells.
Term What name is given to the rule for recognizing the signs of melanoma?	Definition The ABCD rule helps one to recognize sings of melanoma.
Term The healing of burns and epidermal regeneration is usually uneventful unless the burn is a third-degree burn. What accounts for this difference?	Definition First and Second Degree burns can heal uneventfully by regeneration of epidermal cells as long as infection does not occur. Third degree burns destroy the entire epidermis and regeneration is not possible. Infection and loss of body fluid and proteins are problematic.
Term Although the anterior head and face represents only a small percentage of the body surface, burns to this area are often much more serious than those to the body trunk. Why?	Definition Burns to the face are serious because damage to the lungs can occur in such burns.
Term What is the source of vernix caseosa that covers the skin of the newborn baby?	Definition Vernix caseosa is a product of the sebaceous oil glands.
Term What change in the skin leads to cold intolerance in the elderly?	Definition Loss of subcutaneous fat, common in the elderly, leads to cold intolerance seen in this group of people.
Term How does UV radiation contribute to wrinkling of the skin?	Definition UV radiation degrades collagen and leads to loss of skin elasticity and water-holding capacity.

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