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Test 1
basics, memory
63
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/01/2010

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Term
Basic goals of psychology (4)
Definition
describe, explain, predict, control
Term
Psychology
Definition
the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes
Term
biological approach
Definition
genes, hormones, nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, & coping techniques
Term
cognitive approach & psychologist associated with it
Definition
focuses on how we process, store, and use info and how this info influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel --- ALBERT BANDURA
Term
6 modern approaches to psychology
Definition
biological, cognitive, humanistic, behavorial, cross-cultural, pyschoanalytic
Term
4 historical approachs
Definition
structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, behavioral
Term
behavioral approach & pyschologist associated with it
Definition
analyzes how organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones, depending on whether events in their environments reward or punish behaviors (B.F. Skinner)
Term
pyschoanalytic approach & pyschologist associated with it
Definition
based on belief that childhood experiences greatly influence development of later personality traits and pyschological problems -- stresses influence of unconscious fears, desires, and motivations. SIGMUND FREUD
Term
humanistic approach & psychologist associated with it
Definition
emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in directing his/her future, a large capacity for personal growth, etc, etc. -- ABRAHAM MASLOW
Term
cross cultural approach
Definition
examines the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities on pyschological and social functioning of a culture's members
Term
structuralism and psychologist associated with it
Definition
study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and perceptions, that make up our conscious mental experiences --- WILLIAM WUNDT
Term
functionalism & psychologist associated with it
Definition
study of the function rather than the stucture of consciousness, interested in how our minds adapt to our changing environment -- WILLIAM JAMES
Term
Gestalt approach & psychologist assoiated with it
Definition
emphasizes that perception is more than te sum of its part & studied how sensations are assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences -- MAX WERTHEIMER
Term
historical behavioral approach
Definition
emphasized the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors -- JOHN B. WATSON
Term
characteristics of autism
Definition
impaired social interactions & social awareness & verbal & nonverbal communication, repeating of activities, insistence on sameness, abnormal responses, impaired cognitive
Term
autism savants
Definition
individuals with autism who possess exceptional ability in some area (artistic, musial, memory, etc)
Term
pyschologist
Definition
has a Ph.D, PsyD or Ed.D in psychology
*can get M.A. in social work, psychology or counseling
*some jobs can get with BA
Term
clinical psychologist
Definition
has a Ph.D, PsyD or Ed.D, has specialized in a clinical subarea, & has spent an additional yr in a supervised therapy setting
Term
psychiatrist
Definition
first earn M.D., then specialize in clinicial pyschology
Term
pyschoanalyst
Definition
psychologist or psychiatrist with special training in Freud's approach to revealing the unconscious
Term
where do pyschologists work?
Definition
49% private practice/therapy setting
28% academic settings
13% career settings
6% industrial settings
4% secondary schools
Term
areas of specialization
Definition
1. social/personality
2. developmental
3.experimental - areas of sensation, perception, learning, etc.
4. biologial
5. cognitive
6. psychometrics - measurement of ppl's abilites, skills, intelligence, personality, & abnormal behaviors
Term
characteristics of ADHD
Definition
inattention, hyperactivity
Term
research methods
Definition
naturalistic observation, survey/questionnair, case study, correlational research, experimental method, animal models, standardized tests
Term
problems with testimonial evidence
Definition
based on personal observation, so have great potential for error and bias
*plus self-fulflling prophecy
Term
what can correlational studies do?
Definition
*dont indicate cause-and-effect relationships but can help predict behavior/point to where to look for possible causes
Term
double-blind procedure
Definition
no one knows who is control/experimental
Term
self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
having a strong belief or making a statement about a future behavior and then acting, usually unknowingly, to fulfill or carry out the behavior
Term
placebo effect
Definition
change in the patient's illness that is attributble to an imagined treatment rather than to a medical treatment
Term
encoding
Definition
making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories
Term
sensory memory
Definition
initial process that hold environmental info in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds
Term
short term memory
Definition
can only hold limited amount of info (average of 7 items) for limited time - 2 to 30 seconds
Term
iconic memory
Definition
type of sensory memory -- holds visual info for about a quarter of a second
Term
echoic memory
Definition
form of sensory memory that holds auditory info or 1 or 2 seconds
Term
chunking
Definition
combining seperate items of info into chunks -- can help increase # of items held in short-term memory
Term
maintainence rehearsal
Definition
simply repeating/rehearsing info so to increase # of items in short term memory
Term
elaborative rehearsal
Definition
using effort to actively make meaningful associations between new info you wish to remember & old info already stored in long term memory
Term
primary effect
Definition
better recall of info presented at beginning of task
Term
recency effect
Definition
better recall of info presented at end of a task
Term
recall
Definition
remembering info w/out aid of or w/ very few external cues
Term
recognition
Definition
identifying previously learned info with help of external cues (ex: multiple choice test)
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
cannot remember events prior to brain damage
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
cannot later remember events that occur after brain damage
Term
declarative memory
Definition
type of long term memory -- involves memories for facts or events. Aware of & can retrieve.
Term
nondeclarative/procedural
Definition
type of long-term memory -- involves memories for motor skills, some cognitive skills, and emotional behaviors. Can't retrieve these memories.
Term
nondeclarative/procedural
Definition
type of long-term memory -- involves memories for motor skills, some cognitive skills, and emotional behaviors. Can't retrieve these memories.
Term
semantic memory
Definition
type of declarative memory -- involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language rules
Term
episodic memory
Definition
type of declarative memory -- involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences/activities.
Term
network theory
Definition
says we store related ideas in separate categories, or files, called nodes. As we make associations among information, we create links among thousands of nodes, which make up a gigantic interconnected network of files .
Term
network theory
Definition
says we store related ideas in separate categories, or files, called nodes. As we make associations among information, we create links among thousands of nodes, which make up a gigantic interconnected network of files .
Term
automatic encoding
Definition
transfer of info from stm to ltm w/out any effort/awareness
Term
effortful encoding
Definition
transfer of info from stm to ltm w/ effort
Term
mnemonic methods
Definition
way to improve encoding & create better retrieval cues
Term
method of loci
Definition
encoding technique that creates visual associations between already memorized places and new items to be memorized (ex: wundt in the sink)
Term
peg method
Definition
encoding technique that creates associations between number-word rhymes and items to be memorized
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
new memories/info block the retrieval of old info/memories
Term
proactive interference
Definition
old memories/info blocking retrieval of new memories/info
Term
state-dependent learning
Definition
easier to recall info when in same physiological or emotional state/setting as when you first encoded info
Term
cortex
Definition
long term and short term memory
Term
hippocampus
Definition
transfers words, facts,and personal events from stm to ltm (declarative NOT procedural)
Term
cerebellum
Definition
nondeclarative memories
Term
amygdala
Definition
emotional memores
Term
false memories
Definition
implanted by someone else suggestion?
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