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Test 1
PSY 2012
60
Psychology
Not Applicable
09/22/2005

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Term
Induction
Definition
The process of observing a phenomenon and then making a conclusion straight away.
Term
Deduction
Definition
Basis of "good science." start with a theory..allows you to predict the data assuming your theory is right.
Term
Why is experimentation necessary for deduction to occur?
Definition
Because you're ruling out competing explanations for the results.
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
The one you change.
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
The outcome that changes due to the independent variable.
Term
Control Variable
Definition
The one you keep the same.
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
"everything else"
links things together, divided into two parts.
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
-controls your skeletal muslces.
-voluntary muscular control.
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
-controls your glands and internal organs.
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
triggers the "fight or flight" response. Heartbeat increases, breathing increases, pupils dialate, digestion stops, adrenaline flows.
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
-returns the body to a stable state of equilibrium.
-reverses the effects of the SNS.
Term
Reflex ("reflex arc")
Definition
-an impulse that travels from a sensory receptor to the spinal cord.
-the brain never gets involved.
Term
Cell Body
Definition
is "triggered". sends an electrical impulse down the axon.
Term
Dendrites
Definition
the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
Term
Axon
Definition
the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
Term
Synapse
Definition
The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this juncion is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
Term
Action Potential
Definition
the electrical impulse that travels down the axon. An "all or nothing" signal.
Term
How is information transmitted across the synapse?
Definition
when the action potential reaches the knoblike terminals at an axon's end, it triggers the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. these cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron.
Term
Agonist
Definition
Agonists excite. --can be a drug molecule that is similar enough to the neurotransmitter to mimic its effects or that blocks a neurotransmitter's reuptake.
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Antagonists inhibit. can be a drug molecule that inhibits a neurotransmitter's release. It may be enough like the natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block its effect but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor.
Term
Brainstem
Definition
responsible for basic functions (heartbeat, breathing...)
Term
Thalamus
Definition
"switchboard" sends info to the proper location.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
"motor control" center coordinates voluntary movement.
Term
Limbic System
Definition
responsible for basic emotions and basic motivations.
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
the thin "wrinkled" layer of tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres.
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition
abstract, complex thoughts.
Term
Parietal lobe
Definition
sensation, perception, integrating sensory input.
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
vision, color recognition
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition
hearing, processing language sounds.
Term
Sensory Cortex
Definition
an area that specializes in getting info from the skin sense and from the movement of body parts.
Term
Motor cortex
Definition
the arch shaped region at the back of the frontal lobe that causes movement.
Term
Nature
Definition
argues that biology influences human behavior.
Term
Nurture
Definition
argues that environment influences human behavior.
Term
behavioral genetics
Definition
the study that wonders how much of our differences are due to genetics and how many are due to our environment.
Term
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Definition
-Theory of Inheritance (1801)
-A discredited theory of evolution.
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
wrote On The Origine of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
-random mutations in genes produce advantageous features
-these facilitate survival.
Term
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
purely theoretical
-attempts to explain human behaviors in terms of their evolutionary significance.
Term
Social learning theory
Definition
assumes that children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating and being rewarded or punished.
Term
norm
Definition
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.
Term
role
Definition
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
Term
zygote
Definition
cluster of cells
Term
embryo
Definition
becomes this for about 2-8 weeks after being a zygote.
Term
fetus
Definition
9 weeks to birth
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Definition
mental retardation caused by drinking during pregnancy.
1/750 babies are born with it.
Term
Brain development
Definition
born with all of their neurons but they're not all connected.
learning and experience will determine the connections that will form.
Term
Physical development
Definition
motor skills are acquired in a very specific order.
raising head
turning over
sitting
crawling
standing
walking
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
-young kids can't take another person's perspective.
-doing that requires 'abstract thought'
-young kids DONT HAVE abstract thought yet.
Term
Rooting Reflex
Definition
a biologically hard wired reflex.
when thouched on the cheek babies will automatically close in on the subject and begin sucking.
Term
grasping reflex
Definition
babies have a very strong grip, they need it to grasp onto their mother.
Term
Sensorimotor Stage
Definition
birth-age 2.
babies take in the world only through their sensory and motor interactions.
Term
Preoperational Stage
Definition
2-6 years.
can demonstrate simple learning and memory.
still too young to perform mental 'operations'
Term
Concrete Operational Stage
Definition
Age 7-12
Can think logically about objects and events.
Term
Formal Operational Stage
Definition
Around 12 and up.
Children can manipulate abstract information and make predictions based on logic and experience.
Term
Harry Harlow
Definition
conducted the monkey mom experiements
Term
Why do humans and nonhumans go through puberty?
Definition
because if we could have offspring while still only children ourselves, then those offspring probably would not survive.
Term
Primary Sex Characteristics
Definition
body structures that make reproduction possible.
Term
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Definition
nonreproductive characteristics
Term
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)
Definition
Proposed a 3 stage theory of moral development.
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