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Test 1
Ch 1-10
67
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
09/17/2007

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Term
the uneven distribution of charges caused by the highly electronegative characteristics of oxygen makes water a __________ covalent molecule
Definition
polar
Term
identify the energy producing metabolic pathway with enzymes located in the mitochondrial matrix:
Definition
Krebs Cycle
Term
high levels of physical activity beyond the anaerobic (ie without oxygen) threshold results in the production of this organic acid in the tissues
Definition
lactic acid
Term
the hormone calcitonin is synthesized and secreted by the _________ of the _________ gland
Definition
c-cells
thyroid
Term
hydrogen bonds form helical (coiled) domains and beta-pleated sheets in a protein. These regions are typical of its __________ structure
Definition
secondary
Term
identify the peptide hormone responsible for increasing plasma calcium (Ca++) levels
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
the co-transport of glucose and sodiumm (Na+) is an example of _______________ transport
Definition
secondary active
Term
identify the modified nucleotide that is the second messenger in many G-protein signal transduction pathways:
Definition
CAMP + Pi
Term
nucleotides consist of a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a ______________ linked by covalent bonds
Definition
nitrogenous base
Term
the __________ pituitary gland is composed of neural tissue and is embryologically derived from the floor of the hypothalamus of the brain
Definition
posterior
Term
identify the three-carbon molecule that is the final product of glycolysis in the presence of adequate oxygen:
Definition
pyruvate-- acetolCOA
Term
the majority of inracellular "fixed anions" belong to this class of organic polymers:
Definition
peptides
Term
aerobic respiration of 1 molecule of gllucose produces _____ ATP molecules
Definition
36
Term
oxidation is _______ of electrons, reduction is _____ of electrons
Definition
loss
gain
Term
identify the amino acid-derived hormone that acts more like a lipid-based hormone in its mechanism of action:
Definition
***T4
Term
efflux (outflow) of K+ ions would have what effect on the resting membrane potential
Definition
***positive
Term
packaging, labeling, and distribution of cellular products synthesized in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) takes place in what organelle?
Definition
golgi apparatus
Term
electrons produced in the Kreb's cycle (TCA cycle are transferred to the ETS by these 2 chemical compounds (list their abbreviated acronyms): ________ and _______
Definition
FADH
NaDH2
Term
the Na+/K+ ATPase is an example of ________ active transport
Definition
primary
Term
hormones may be broadly classified as belonging to TWO MAJOR CHEMICAL CATEGORIES. Identify the category that best describes hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
Definition
steroids
Term
T/F
glucagon is often described as a hypoglycemic hormone
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F
triglycerides are an important class of amphipathic molecules
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F
the Nernst equation predicts the equilibrium potential for a single ion
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F
enzymes are usually proteins thought to possess active sites that are determined by complex 3-dimensional properties of secondary structure
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F
c-cells or parafollicular cells are found in the parathyroid gland
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F
all nucleic acids are located exclusively within the nucleus of the cell
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F
an acid may be defined as a proton (H=) acceptor
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F
the diffusion of glucose "down" its concentration gradient into the cell is an example of secondary active transport
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F
enzymatic co-factors are commonly vitamins, such as vitamin C
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F
the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are classified as catecholamines
Definition
FALSE
Term
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
acts on several targets to decrease plasma calcium concentration
Term
which of the following statements regarding G-protein signal transduction pathways is false?
Definition
they require intracellular messengers that act as transcription factors
Term
which statement regarding the hormone insulin is correct
Definition
it stimulates the synthesis and storage of fats (lipogenesis)
Term
which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the chemical bonds that form the primary structure of proteins
Definition
they are known as peptide bonds
they result from a dehydrationn synthesis
they are covalent bonds
ALL INCORRECT
Term
which of the following factors determines enzyme activity
Definition
temperature
substrate concentration
cofactors and coenzymes
pH
Term
hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus include
Definition
GnRH, TRH, ADH and GHIH
and
GHIH, CRH, and OXY
Term
identify the incorrect statement below regarding thyroid hormones
Definition
they are lipophobic
Term
which of the following is not one of the cardinal symptoms of Diabetes mellitus
Definition
excessive sweating
Term
regulation of steroid hormones secreted by the gonades is determined by
Definition
levels of these hormones in the blood; inhibition or stimulation of tropic hormones by the anterior pituitary; inhibition or stimulation of releasing hormones by the hypothalamus; negative feedback; ALL
Term
which on of the following statements is accurate regarding the endocrine function of the anterior pituitary
Definition
tropic, or stimulation, hormones are produced there
Term
definition of physiology
Definition
"study of the function of anatomical structures" or "now the structural components of the body FUNCTION to sustain life"
the role of anatomy
Term
homeostasis
Definition
dynamic balance
"maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in the face of constantly changing ambient (internal and/or external) conditions
Term
negative feedback
Definition
change of some physiological variable
ex. temp, blood glucose, a hormone, etc.
Term
positive feedback
Definition
far less comman than NFB; increase in variable stimulates further increase until stimulus is removed
ex. childbirth, blood clotting factors
Term
basic compositions of matter
Definition
atoms, elements
protons, neutrons, electrons
molecule, compound
isotopes
atomic #, mass #@, atomic weight
Term
chemical bonds
Definition
molecules are formed by intersections between valence electrons of 2 or more atons: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
sharing of electrons b/w 2 or more atoms
ex. water and organic compounds
Term
hydrogen bonds
Definition
attraction of hydrogen atom of one molecule for a strongly...
Term
ionic bonds
Definition
ex. NaCl
Term
solutes vs solvents
Definition
solutes: substances that dissolve in liquids
solvents: liquid; water-universal solvent, human body
Term
acid vs base
Definition
acid: proton (H+) donor
base: proton (H+) acceptor
Term
biomolecules
Definition
most are organic (contain C,H,O)
4 major classes: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids & nucleotides
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
selective control of movement of materials in and out of cell
"fluid mosaic model"
diagram: polar heads-hydrophilic
Term
cytoplasm & cytoskeleton
Definition
gel-like matrix in lattice of fibrous proteins
(fibers= tubulin, actin, myosin, etc.)
Term
organelles
Definition
membrane-bound structures
lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, ER, nucleus
Term
nucleus
Definition
cellular control (DNA, RNA)
-double-membrane bound
-numberous pores (transport)
Term
nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
Definition
macromolecules formed from nucleotides; phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base; DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid
Term
metabolism
Definition
sum of all celllular reactions that produce, transfer or use nrg in the process of maintaining life
1st: conservation of energy
2nd: entropy increases
plants & animals consume and use nrg to decrease entrophy
Term
enzymes
Definition
are proteins that act as biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical rxns; lower the activation energy of rxns; not changed by rxn or nature
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
measurable force required to exactly counteract the net osmotic movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
Term
tonicity
Definition
effect of a solution on osmotic movement of water into or out of cells; behaviors of RBCs in varying tonicity solutions
Term
plasma membranes...
Definition
...relatively permeable to: water and nonpolar molecules (ex. steroids, trigycerides, etc.)
...relatively permeable to: variety of essential solutes (ex. glucose, ions, amino acids)
Term
Central Dogma
Definition
framework for understanding the transfer of sequence information between sequential information-carrying biopolymers, in the most common or general case, in living organisms
Term
oxygen debt
aka excess post-exercise oxygen consumptions
Definition
after strenuous activity; extra oxygen is used in the processes to restore the body to resting state & adapt it to the exercise performed. ex.hormone balancing,replenishment of fuel stores,cellular repair,innervation,and anabolism.
Term
passive diffusion
Definition
small molecules diffuse down concentration gradient via channel proteins (pores)
non-polar molecules may cross membrane
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
uses no cellular energy (no ATP hydrolysis)
transport of relatively large molecules (ex. glucose) down their concentration gradient
thought to require special “carrier” molecules in the plasma membrane
Term
membrane potential
Definition
selective permeability of the plasma membrane & activity of a+/K+ ATPase result in uneven distribution of charges on either side of PM; cytoplasmic side(inside) of cell carries net negative charge relative to the extracellular side(outside)
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