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Test 1
Chapters 1-4
178
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
01/17/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
microbes or microoraganisms
Definition
are minute living things that individually are usuallly too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Term
genus
Definition
the two names that scientific nomenclature assigns each organism
Term
specific epithet
Definition
follows the genus and is not capitalized
Term
bacteria
Definition
are relatively simple, single-celled organisms, their genetic material is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane; therefor they are called prokaryotes
Term
prokaryotes
Definition
meaning preneuclus; this included bateria and archaea
Term
archaea
Definition
consists of prokaryothic cells, but if they have cell walls, the walls lack prpitdoglycan; usually found in extreem enviornemtns such as excess salt and heat
Term
eukaryotes
Definition
organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells genetic material, surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane
Term
protozoa
Definition
are unicellular eukaryotic microbes
Term
algae
Definition
are photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms
Term
heleminths
Definition
the two major groups of parasitic worms are the flatworms and the round worms
Term
cell theory
Definition
the theory that all living things are composed of cells
Term
spontaneous generation
Definition
some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
Term
biogenesis
Definition
the claim that living thing cells can arise from only preexisiting cells
Term
eptic technologies
Definition
techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microbes
Term
fermentation
Definition
paster found that instead of the air converting sugars into alchol it was actually a microorganism called yeast convert sugars to alchol in the absence of air
Term
pasteurization
Definition
pasteur found a solution the the spoilage of many foods, the solution to the problem was to heat beer, wine, and cheese to kill off many of the bacterium
Term
germ theory of disease
Definition
the realization that yeast plays a crutial role in fermentation, this showed the link between the activity of a microbe and physical and chemical changes in organic material
Term
Koch's postulates
Definition
koch cultured a bacterium found in cows blood, thus established a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
Term
immunity
Definition
Jenner discovered that a milk maid was immune to small pox he isolated the blood in the cow and injected it into a 8 year old boly and thus he was immune to small pox
Term
chemotherapy
Definition
treatment of a disease from use of chemicals
Term
antibiotics
Definition
chemicals produced natrually by bacteria and fung to act against other microorganisms
Term
synthetic drugs
Definition
drugs made within a labratory
Term
bacteriology
Definition
the study of bacteria, started with van-Leeuwenhoek's first examination of tooth scrapings
Term
mycology
Definition
the study of fungi
Term
parasitology
Definition
the study of parasites
Term
genomics
Definition
the study of all organisms genes
Term
immunology
Definition
the study of immunity
Term
virology
Definition
the study of viruses
Term
recombinant DNA
Definition
Paul Berg showed that fragments of human or animal DNA (genes) that code for important proteins to attach to the bacterial DNA
Term
microbial genetics
Definition
studies the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits
Term
molecular biology
Definition
specifically studies how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the sythesis of protiens
Term
microbial ecology
Definition
the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their enviornment, originated with the work of Beijerneck and Winorgradsky
Term
biotechnology
Definition
commercial use of microorganisms to produce common foods and chemicals
Term
gene therapy
Definition
insertikng a missing gene or repacing a defective one in human cells
Term
normal microbiota
Definition
the normal microbes we are born with
Term
resistance
Definition
the ability to ward off disease
Term
biofilm
Definition
a complex aggregation of microbes
Term
infectious disease
Definition
is a disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host
Term
atom
Definition
the smallest componet of a pure substance that exhibits physical and chemical properties of that substance
Term
molecules
Definition
atoms interact with each other in certain combinations
Term
chemisrty
Definition
the interaction between atoms and molecules
Term
ionic bonds
Definition
is the attraction between ions of opposite charges that holds them together to forma stable molecule
Term
cations
Definition
possitivly charged
Term
antions
Definition
negitivly charged ion
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
a hydrogen atom that is covelently bonded to one oxygen or nitrogen attom is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom
Term
mole
Definition
the molecular weight expressed in grams
Term
chemical reactions
Definition
the making or breaking of bonds between atoms
Term
chemical energy
Definition
some change of energy occurs whenever bonds between atoms are formed or broken during chemical reactions
Term
endergonic reaction
Definition
a reaction that absorbs energy
Term
exergonic reaction
Definition
a reaction that gives off energy
Term
anabolism
Definition
to elements combine to produce a product A+B --> AB
Term
catabolism or decomposition reaction
Definition
when a molecule breaks down into two or more elements
AB---> A+B
Term
exchange reactions
Definition
when three or more elements recombine to form new products
AB+CD ---> AD+BC
Term
reversiable reactions
Definition
a chemical reaction that is readily reversable when the end product can revert back the the original molecule, usually indicated by two arrows
Term
Inorgaic Compounds
Definition
typically lack carbon in which ionic bonds may play an important roll
Term
organic compounds
Definition
always contain carbon and hydrogen and typically are structurally complex
Term
polar molecule
Definition
any molecule that is not symetric and has an unequal distribution of charges (has two polls like a magnet)
Term
solvent
Definition
a disolving medium usually water
Term
dissasociation
Definition
seperation into individual molecules
Term
solute
Definition
the substance being disloved like salt in water
Term
ionization
Definition
or dissasociation, the breaking apart of molecules into ions
Term
light microscope
Definition
any microscope that uses visible light to observe a speciem
Term
compound light microscope
Definition
has a series of lenses and uses visible light as a source of its illimunation, the shorter wavelenghts makes the resolution better, immersion oil stops the light from refracting as much
Term
illuminator
Definition
the light source
Term
condensor
Definition
where the light form the illuminator passes through, which has lenses that direct the light rays through the specimen
Term
total magnification
Definition
the oculars magnification (x10) x the objectives magnifications
Term
resolution
Definition
the ablility of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure
Term
refractive index
Definition
is a measure if the light bendin ablity of a medium
Term
brightfeild illumination
Definition
the area around the specimen is light
Term
darkfeild microscope
Definition
the area around your specimen is dark
Term
phase contrast microscope
Definition
gives detailed examination if internal structures in living microorganisms, Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen
Term
antibodies
Definition
are natural defense molecules that are produced by humans and many animals in reaction to a foreign substance
Term
flurescence microscopy
Definition
uses uv light, Fluorescent
substances absorb UV
light and emit visible
light Cells may be stained
with fluorescent dyes
(fluorochromes)
Term
confocal microscopy
Definition
Cells stained with
fluorochrome dyes
 Short wavelength
(blue) light used to
excite the dyes
 The light illuminates
each plane in a
specimen to produce
a three-dimensional
image
 Up to 100 µm deep
Term
electron microscope
Definition
Uses electrons instead of light
 The shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater
resolution
Term
two-photon microscopy
Definition
Cells stained with
fluorochrome dyes
 Two photons of long-
wavelength (red) light
used to excite the
dyes
 Used to study cells
attached to a surface
 Up to 1 mm deep
Term
scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM)
Definition
Measures sound
waves that are
reflected back from
an object
 Used to study cells
attached to a
surface
 Resolution 1 µm
Term
transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Definition
Ultrathin sections of
specimens
 Light passes through
specimen, then an
electromagnetic lens,
to a screen or film
 Specimens may be
stained with heavy
metal salts
Term
scanning electron microscope
Definition
An electron gun
produces a beam of
electrons that scans
the surface of a
whole specimen
 Secondary electrons
emitted from the
specimen produce
the image
Term
scanned-prob microscopy
Definition
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) uses a
metal probe to scan a specimen
 Resolution 1/100 of an atom
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) uses a metal-
and-diamond probe inserted into the specimen.
 Produces three-dimensional images.
Term
staining
Definition
Coloring the microbe with a dye that
emphasizes certain structures
Term
smear
Definition
A thin film of a solution of microbes on a
slide
A smear is usually fixed to attach the microbes to
the slide and to kill the microbes
Term
basic dye
Definition
the chromophore is a cation
Term
acidic dye
Definition
the chromophore is an anion
Term
negitive staining
Definition
Staining the background instead of the cell
Term
simple stain
Definition
Use of a single basic dye
Term
mordant
Definition
may be used to hold the stain or coat the
specimen to enlarge it
Term
differential stains
Definition
Used to distinguish between bacteria
 Gram stain
 Acid-fast stain
Term
gram stain
Definition
Classifies bacteria into gram-positive
or gram-negative
 Gram-positive bacteria tend to be killed by penicillin and
detergents
 Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics
Term
acid-fast stain
Definition
Stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-
alcohol
 Mycobacterium
 Nocardia
Term
special stains
Definition
Used to distinguish parts of cells
 Capsule stain
 Endospore stain
 Flagella stain
Term
endospore staining
Definition
Primary stain: Malachite green, usually with heat
 Decolorize cells: Water
 Counterstain: Safranin
Term
flagella staining
Definition
Mordant on flagella
 Carbolfuchsin simple stain
Term
carbon skeleton
Definition
The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
Term
functional groups
Definition
responsible for most of the
chemical properties of a particular organic
compound.
Term
organic compounds
Definition
Small organic molecules can combine into large
macromolecules
Term
macromolecules
Definition
polymers consisting of many
small repeating molecules
Term
monomers
Definition
smaller organic molecules
Term
polymers
Definition
Monomers join by dehydration synthesis or
condensation reactions
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
 Cell structures and energy sources
 Consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH2O)n
 Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3 to 7
carbon atoms
Term
disacharides
Definition
are formed when 2
monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration
synthesis
 Disaccharides can be broken down by hydrolysis
Term
Oligosaccharides
Definition
consist of 2 to 20
monosaccharides
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
consist of tens or hundreds of
monosaccharides joined through dehydration
synthesis
 Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are polymers of
glucose that are covalently bonded differently
 Chitin is a polymer of 2 sugars repeating many times
Term
lipids
Definition
Primary components of cell membranes
 Consist of C, H, and O
 Are nonpolar and insoluble in water
Term
simple lipids
Definition
Fats or triglycerides
 Contain glycerol and fatty acids; formed by
dehydration synthesis
Term
Saturated fat
Definition
No double bonds
Term
Unsaturated fat
Definition
One or more double bonds in the
fatty acids
 cis: H atoms on the same side of the double bond
 trans: H atoms on opposite sides of the double bond
Term
complex lipids
Definition
Contain C, H, and O + P,
N, or S
 Membranes are made of
phospholipids
Term
steriods
Definition
4 carbon rings with an –OH group attached to one
ring
 Part of membranes
Term
proteins
Definition
Are essential in cell structure and function
 Enzymes are proteins that speed chemical reactions
 Transporter proteins move chemicals across
membranes
 Flagella are made of proteins
 Some bacterial toxins are proteins
Term
amino acids
Definition
Proteins consist of subunits
Term
peptide bonds
Definition
are between amino acids are formed by
dehydration synthesis
Term
primary structure
Definition
polypeptide chain
Term
secondary structure
Definition
occurs when the amino
acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
occurs when the helix folds
irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds,
and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain
Term
quaternary stucture
Definition
consists of 2 or more
polypeptides.
Term
nucleotides
Definition
Nucleotides consist of a
 Pentose
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base
Term
nucleosides
Definition
consist of a
 Pentose
 Nitrogen-containing base
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid
 Has deoxyribose
 Exists as a double helix
 A hydrogen bonds with T
 C hydrogen bonds with G
Term
RNA
Definition
Ribonucleic acid
 Has ribose
 Is single-stranded
 A hydrogen bonds with U
 C hydrogen bonds with G
Term
ATP
Definition
 Adenosine triphosphate
 Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups.  Is made by dehydration synthesis
 Is broken by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy
for the cell... when water is added to ATP --> ADP
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
pre neucleus One circular
chromosome, not in a
membrane
 No histones
Average size: 0.2 –1.0 µm × 2 – 8 µm
 Most bacteria are monomorphic
 A few are pleomorphic
 No organelles
 Peptidoglycan cell walls
if Bacteria
 Pseudomurein cell walls
if Archaea
 Binary fission
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
true neucleus Paired chromosomes,
in nuclear membrane
 Histones
 Organelles

 Polysaccharide cell
walls
 Mitotic spindle
Term
Bacillus
Definition
rod shaped
Term
Coccus
Definition
spherical
Term
Spiral
Definition
 Spirillum
 Vibrio
 Spirochete
Term
Pairs
Definition
Diplococci,
diplobacilli
Term
Clusters
Definition
Staphylococci
Term
Chains:
Definition
Streptococci,
streptobacilli
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
Outside cell wall
 Usually sticky
 Capsule: neatly
organized
 Slime layer: unorganized
and loose
 Extracellular
polysaccharide allows
cell to attach
 Capsules prevent
phagocytosis
Term
Flagella
Definition
 Outside cell wall
 Made of chains of
flagellin
 Attached to a protein
hook
 Anchored to the wall
and membrane by the
basal body
Term
Motile Cells
Definition
 Rotate flagella to run or tumble
 Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
 Flagella proteins are H antigens
(e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
Term
Axial Filaments
Definition
 Also called endoflagella
 In spirochetes
 Anchored at one end
of a cell
 Rotation causes cell
to move
Term
the cell wall
Definition
 Prevents osmotic lysis
 Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
Term
Fimbriae and Pili
Definition
 Pili
 Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another
 Gliding motility
 Twitching motility
Fimbriae allow attachment
Term
Fimbriae and Pili
Definition
 Pili
 Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another
 Gliding motility
 Twitching motility
Fimbriae allow attachment
Term
Peptidoglycan
Definition
 Polymer of
disaccharide:
 N-acetylglucosamine
(NAG)
 N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM)
Term
Peptidoglycan in Gram-Positive
Bacteria
Definition
 Linked by polypeptides
Term
gram possitive cell wall
Definition
 Thick peptidoglycan
 Teichoic acids
2-ring basal body
 Disrupted by lysozyme
 Penicillin sensitive
Term
gram negitive cell wall
Definition
Thin peptidoglycan
 Outer membrane
 Periplasmic space
 4-ring basal body
 Endotoxin
 Tetracycline sensitive
Term
gram negitive outter cell membrane
Definition
Protection from phagocytes, complement, and
antibiotics
 O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7
 Lipid A is an endotoxin
 Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane
Term
Gram stain mechanism
Definition
 Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
 Gram-positive
 Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
 CV-I crystals do not leave
 Gram-negative
 Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in
peptidoglycan
 CV-I washes out
Term
atypical cell walls
Definition
 Acid-fast cell walls
 Like gram-positive
 Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
 Mycobacterium
 Nocardia
Term
 Mycoplasmas atypical cell walls
Definition
 Lack cell walls
 Sterols in plasma membrane
Term
 Archaea atypical cell walls
Definition
 Wall-less or
 Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)
Term
damage to the cell wall
Definition
 Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan
 Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
 Protoplast is a wall-less gram-positive cell
 Spheroplast is a wall-less gram-negative cell
 Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic
lysis
 L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular
shapes
Term
the plasma membrane
Definition
 Phospholipid bilayer
 Peripheral proteins
 Integral proteins
 Transmembrane
 Proteins
 Selective permeability allows passage of some
molecules
 Enzymes for ATP production
 Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called
chromatophores or thylakoids
Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary
ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics
causes leakage of cell contents
Term
fluid mosaic model
Definition
 Membrane is as viscous as olive oil
 Proteins move to function
 Phospholipids rotate
and move laterally
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
Solute combines with a
transporter protein in the membrane
Term
movement of materials acros the membrane
Definition
 Through lipid layer
 Aquaporins (water
channels)
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
The pressure needed to stop
the movement of water across the membrane
Term
osmosis
Definition
The movement of water across a
selectively permeable membrane from an area of
high water to an area of lower water
concentration
Term
Group translocation:
Definition
Requires a transporter protein
and PEP
Term
Active transport:
Definition
Requires a transporter protein
and ATP
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
The substance inside the plasma membrane
Term
nuecluotide
Definition
Bacterial chromosome
Term
The Prokaryotic Ribosome
Definition
 Protein synthesis
 70S
 50S + 30S subunits
Term
 Polysaccharide granules
 Lipid inclusions
 Sulfur granules
Definition
energy reserves
Term
phosphate reserves
Definition
 Metachromatic granules
(volutin)
Term
Gas vacuoles
Definition
protein covered cylinders
Term
Magnetosomes
Definition
iron oxide destroyes H2O2
Term
endospopres
Definition
 Resting cells
 Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
 Bacillus, Clostridium
 Sporulation: Endospore formation
 Germination: Return to vegetative state
Term
cell wall
Definition
Plants, algae, fungi
 Carbohydrates
 Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan
Term
 Glycocalyx
Definition
Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane
 Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer
 Peripheral proteins
 Integral proteins
 Transmembrane proteins
 Selective permeability allows passage of some
molecules
 Simple diffusion
 Facilitative diffusion
 Osmosis
 Active transport
 Sterols
 Glycocalyx carbohydrates
 Endocytosis
 Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles
 Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and
dissolved substances
Term
Cytosol
Definition
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, microtubules
Term
Cytoplasmic streaming
Definition
Movement of cytoplasm
throughout cells
Term
ribosomes
Definition
 Protein synthesis
 80S
 Membrane-bound: Attached to ER
 Free: In cytoplasm
 70S
 In chloroplasts and mitochondria
Term
 Nucleus:
Definition
Contains chromosomes
Term
 ER:
Definition
Transport network
Term
 Golgi complex
Definition
: Membrane formation and secretion

Term
Lysosome
Definition
: Digestive enzymes
Term
 Vacuole:
Definition
Brings food into cells and provides support
Term
Mitochondrion:
Definition
Cellular respiration
Term
 Chloroplast:
Definition
Photosynthesis

Term
Peroxisome:
Definition
Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2

Term
Centrosome:
Definition
Consists of protein fibers and
centrioles
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